Exam 3 - General Principles of Development

Question 1

One cell that starts development.

Answer 1

Zygote

Question 2

True/False: The genome of each cell is different thus allowing cells to specialize.

Answer 2

Flase, the genome of all cells is the same it is the expression of genes that varies from cell type to cell type.

Question 3

Control of development.

Answer 3

Differential gene expression.

Question 4

Four major phases of development.

Answer 4

Cell proliferaiton/division, cell specialization/differentiation, cell interaction, and cell movement/migration

Question 5

Production of many cells via one cell.

Answer 5

Cell proliferation/division

Question 6

Formation of new cells with differences in characteristics.

Answer 6

Cell differentiation/specialization

Question 7

Influences cells have on others behaviors.

Answer 7

Cell interaction

Question 8

Formation of layers giving rise to structures (i.e. tissues and organs)

Answer 8

Cell movement/migration

Question 9

Cells’ ability to retain a history of signals their ancestors recieved during embryonic development.

Answer 9

Cell memory

Question 10

Factor that influences genes expressed by a cell (i.e. past and present)

Answer 10

Environment

Question 11

True/False: All organisms have similiar fundamental developmental mechanisms.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Protein that is functionally interchangeable (i..e genes in lower organisms when placed in higher organism will accomplish the same job)

Answer 12

Homologous proteins

Question 13

Event that leads to the formation of a zygote

Answer 13

Fertilization

Question 14

Source of food for cells that proliferate from the zygote.

Answer 14

Mother’s egg

Question 15

The genome of cells during development are initially [active/inactive].

Answer 15

Inactive

Question 16

Ball of cells surrounding a hollow cavity that forms upon the activation of the genome and cell division.

Answer 16

Blastula

Question 17

Structure formed after massive rearrangement of blastula.

Answer 17

Gastrula

Question 18

Three layers of gastrula.

Answer 18

Endoderm, ectorderm, mesoderm.

Question 19

What does the ectoderm serve as a precursor for?

Answer 19

Nervous system and epidermis.

Question 20

What does the endoderm serve as a precursor for?

Answer 20

Gut, lung, and liver.

Question 21

What does the mesoderm serve as a precursor for?

Answer 21

Muscle and connective tissue

Question 22

Transformation of the blastula (i.e. a hollow sphere of cells) into a layered structure with a gut.

Answer 22

Gastrulation

Question 23

Higher organisms have several homologs of the same gene.

Answer 23

Gene duplication.

Question 24

Proteins that are most important for development.

Answer 24

Gene regulatory proteins

Question 25

Contains the instructions for producing a multicellular animal, associated with each gene.

Answer 25

Non-coding regulatory DNA

Question 26

Proteins that bind to regulatory elements on DNA.

Answer 26

Gene regulatory proteins

Question 27

Coding sequences in DNA are [similiar/different] between organisms and non-coding sequences are [similiar/different] between organsims.

Answer 27

Similiar; Different

Question 28

Made by cells long before they demonstrate outward signs of differentiation.

Answer 28

Developmental decisions

Question 29

Cells that are fated to develop into a specialized cell type despite changes in the environment.

Answer 29

Determined cells

Question 30

Cells that can change rapidly due to alterations in environment.

Answer 30

Completely undetermined cells

Question 31

Cells that have some attributes of a particular cell type however has the ability to change with its environment.

Answer 31

Commited cell

Question 32

Mechanisms by which cells can differentiate.

Answer 32

Asymmetric division (i.e. development of germ cells) or changes in environment after birth

Question 33

Most important environmental cues for developing cells.

Answer 33

Signals from neighboring cells.

Question 34

The induction of a different developmental program in select cells in a homogeneous group leading to altered character.

Answer 34

Inductive signaling

Question 35

Signal via cell-to-cell contact.

Answer 35

Short range

Question 36

Signal via substances that can diffuse through the extracellular medium.

Answer 36

Long range

Question 37

A long range inductive signal that imposes a pattern on a field of cells.

Answer 37

Morphogens

Question 38

Forms morphogen gradient by diffusing away from its source.

Answer 38

Inducer

Question 39

Forms morphogen gradient by diffusing away from its source and blocking the action of a uniformly distributed inducer.

Answer 39

Inhibitor

Question 40

On/Off system of morphogens, binds to signal or receptor and blocks interaction.

Answer 40

Anatgonists or extracellular inhibitors

Question 41

Amplifies the effect of asymmetry during development.

Answer 41

Positive feedback

Question 42

Response of a cell to a given signal may differ based on the presence of other signals.

Answer 42

Combinatorial control

Question 43

Effect of a given signal depend on previous experiences of the cell.

Answer 43

Cell memory

Question 44

Different signals formed/secreted in a spatial and temporal matter.

Answer 44

Sequential induction

Question 45

Ligands of receptor tyrosine kinase pathway.

Answer 45

EGF, FGF, and Ephrins

Question 46

Recetpors of receptor tyrosine kinase pathway.

Answer 46

EGF receptors, FGF receptors, and Ephrine receptors

Question 47

Ligands of TGF-Beta superfamily.

Answer 47

TFG-Beta, BMP, and Nodal

Question 48

Receptors of TFG-Beta superfamily.

Answer 48

TGF-Beta and BMP receptors

Question 49

Ligand of Wnt signaling pathway.

Answer 49

Wnt

Question 50

Receptor of Wnt signaling pathway.

Answer 50

Frizzled

Question 51

Ligand of Hedgehog signaling pathway.

Answer 51

Hedgehog

Question 52

Receptor of Hedgehog signaling pathway.

Answer 52

Patched, Smoothened

Question 53

Ligand of Notch signaling pathway.

Answer 53

Delta

Question 54

Receptor of Notch signaling pathway.

Answer 54

Notch