Exam 3 - General Principles of Development Flashcards
One cell that starts development.
Zygote
True/False: The genome of each cell is different thus allowing cells to specialize.
Flase, the genome of all cells is the same it is the expression of genes that varies from cell type to cell type.
Control of development.
Differential gene expression.
Four major phases of development.
Cell proliferaiton/division, cell specialization/differentiation, cell interaction, and cell movement/migration
Production of many cells via one cell.
Cell proliferation/division
Formation of new cells with differences in characteristics.
Cell differentiation/specialization
Influences cells have on others behaviors.
Cell interaction
Formation of layers giving rise to structures (i.e. tissues and organs)
Cell movement/migration
Cells’ ability to retain a history of signals their ancestors recieved during embryonic development.
Cell memory
Factor that influences genes expressed by a cell (i.e. past and present)
Environment
True/False: All organisms have similiar fundamental developmental mechanisms.
True
Protein that is functionally interchangeable (i..e genes in lower organisms when placed in higher organism will accomplish the same job)
Homologous proteins
Event that leads to the formation of a zygote
Fertilization
Source of food for cells that proliferate from the zygote.
Mother’s egg
The genome of cells during development are initially [active/inactive].
Inactive
Ball of cells surrounding a hollow cavity that forms upon the activation of the genome and cell division.
Blastula
Structure formed after massive rearrangement of blastula.
Gastrula
Three layers of gastrula.
Endoderm, ectorderm, mesoderm.
What does the ectoderm serve as a precursor for?
Nervous system and epidermis.
What does the endoderm serve as a precursor for?
Gut, lung, and liver.
What does the mesoderm serve as a precursor for?
Muscle and connective tissue
Transformation of the blastula (i.e. a hollow sphere of cells) into a layered structure with a gut.
Gastrulation
Higher organisms have several homologs of the same gene.
Gene duplication.
Proteins that are most important for development.
Gene regulatory proteins
Contains the instructions for producing a multicellular animal, associated with each gene.
Non-coding regulatory DNA
Proteins that bind to regulatory elements on DNA.
Gene regulatory proteins
Coding sequences in DNA are [similiar/different] between organisms and non-coding sequences are [similiar/different] between organsims.
Similiar; Different
Made by cells long before they demonstrate outward signs of differentiation.
Developmental decisions
Cells that are fated to develop into a specialized cell type despite changes in the environment.
Determined cells
Cells that can change rapidly due to alterations in environment.
Completely undetermined cells
Cells that have some attributes of a particular cell type however has the ability to change with its environment.
Commited cell
Mechanisms by which cells can differentiate.
Asymmetric division (i.e. development of germ cells) or changes in environment after birth
Most important environmental cues for developing cells.
Signals from neighboring cells.
The induction of a different developmental program in select cells in a homogeneous group leading to altered character.
Inductive signaling
Signal via cell-to-cell contact.
Short range
Signal via substances that can diffuse through the extracellular medium.
Long range
A long range inductive signal that imposes a pattern on a field of cells.
Morphogens
Forms morphogen gradient by diffusing away from its source.
Inducer
Forms morphogen gradient by diffusing away from its source and blocking the action of a uniformly distributed inducer.
Inhibitor
On/Off system of morphogens, binds to signal or receptor and blocks interaction.
Anatgonists or extracellular inhibitors
Amplifies the effect of asymmetry during development.
Positive feedback
Response of a cell to a given signal may differ based on the presence of other signals.
Combinatorial control
Effect of a given signal depend on previous experiences of the cell.
Cell memory
Different signals formed/secreted in a spatial and temporal matter.
Sequential induction
Ligands of receptor tyrosine kinase pathway.
EGF, FGF, and Ephrins
Recetpors of receptor tyrosine kinase pathway.
EGF receptors, FGF receptors, and Ephrine receptors
Ligands of TGF-Beta superfamily.
TFG-Beta, BMP, and Nodal
Receptors of TFG-Beta superfamily.
TGF-Beta and BMP receptors
Ligand of Wnt signaling pathway.
Wnt
Receptor of Wnt signaling pathway.
Frizzled
Ligand of Hedgehog signaling pathway.
Hedgehog
Receptor of Hedgehog signaling pathway.
Patched, Smoothened
Ligand of Notch signaling pathway.
Delta
Receptor of Notch signaling pathway.
Notch
