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COB - Cell/Molecular Biology > Exam 3 - General Principles of Development > Flashcards

Exam 3 - General Principles of Development Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

One cell that starts development.

A

Zygote

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2
Q

True/False: The genome of each cell is different thus allowing cells to specialize.

A

Flase, the genome of all cells is the same it is the expression of genes that varies from cell type to cell type.

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3
Q

Control of development.

A

Differential gene expression.

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4
Q

Four major phases of development.

A

Cell proliferaiton/division, cell specialization/differentiation, cell interaction, and cell movement/migration

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5
Q

Production of many cells via one cell.

A

Cell proliferation/division

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6
Q

Formation of new cells with differences in characteristics.

A

Cell differentiation/specialization

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7
Q

Influences cells have on others behaviors.

A

Cell interaction

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8
Q

Formation of layers giving rise to structures (i.e. tissues and organs)

A

Cell movement/migration

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9
Q

Cells’ ability to retain a history of signals their ancestors recieved during embryonic development.

A

Cell memory

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10
Q

Factor that influences genes expressed by a cell (i.e. past and present)

A

Environment

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11
Q

True/False: All organisms have similiar fundamental developmental mechanisms.

A

True

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12
Q

Protein that is functionally interchangeable (i..e genes in lower organisms when placed in higher organism will accomplish the same job)

A

Homologous proteins

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13
Q

Event that leads to the formation of a zygote

A

Fertilization

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14
Q

Source of food for cells that proliferate from the zygote.

A

Mother’s egg

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15
Q

The genome of cells during development are initially [active/inactive].

A

Inactive

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16
Q

Ball of cells surrounding a hollow cavity that forms upon the activation of the genome and cell division.

A

Blastula

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17
Q

Structure formed after massive rearrangement of blastula.

A

Gastrula

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18
Q

Three layers of gastrula.

A

Endoderm, ectorderm, mesoderm.

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19
Q

What does the ectoderm serve as a precursor for?

A

Nervous system and epidermis.

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20
Q

What does the endoderm serve as a precursor for?

A

Gut, lung, and liver.

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21
Q

What does the mesoderm serve as a precursor for?

A

Muscle and connective tissue

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22
Q

Transformation of the blastula (i.e. a hollow sphere of cells) into a layered structure with a gut.

A

Gastrulation

23
Q

Higher organisms have several homologs of the same gene.

A

Gene duplication.

24
Q

Proteins that are most important for development.

A

Gene regulatory proteins

25
Q

Contains the instructions for producing a multicellular animal, associated with each gene.

A

Non-coding regulatory DNA

26
Q

Proteins that bind to regulatory elements on DNA.

A

Gene regulatory proteins

27
Q

Coding sequences in DNA are [similiar/different] between organisms and non-coding sequences are [similiar/different] between organsims.

A

Similiar; Different

28
Q

Made by cells long before they demonstrate outward signs of differentiation.

A

Developmental decisions

29
Q

Cells that are fated to develop into a specialized cell type despite changes in the environment.

A

Determined cells

30
Q

Cells that can change rapidly due to alterations in environment.

A

Completely undetermined cells

31
Q

Cells that have some attributes of a particular cell type however has the ability to change with its environment.

A

Commited cell

32
Q

Mechanisms by which cells can differentiate.

A

Asymmetric division (i.e. development of germ cells) or changes in environment after birth

33
Q

Most important environmental cues for developing cells.

A

Signals from neighboring cells.

34
Q

The induction of a different developmental program in select cells in a homogeneous group leading to altered character.

A

Inductive signaling

35
Q

Signal via cell-to-cell contact.

A

Short range

36
Q

Signal via substances that can diffuse through the extracellular medium.

A

Long range

37
Q

A long range inductive signal that imposes a pattern on a field of cells.

A

Morphogens

38
Q

Forms morphogen gradient by diffusing away from its source.

A

Inducer

39
Q

Forms morphogen gradient by diffusing away from its source and blocking the action of a uniformly distributed inducer.

A

Inhibitor

40
Q

On/Off system of morphogens, binds to signal or receptor and blocks interaction.

A

Anatgonists or extracellular inhibitors

41
Q

Amplifies the effect of asymmetry during development.

A

Positive feedback

42
Q

Response of a cell to a given signal may differ based on the presence of other signals.

A

Combinatorial control

43
Q

Effect of a given signal depend on previous experiences of the cell.

A

Cell memory

44
Q

Different signals formed/secreted in a spatial and temporal matter.

A

Sequential induction

45
Q

Ligands of receptor tyrosine kinase pathway.

A

EGF, FGF, and Ephrins

46
Q

Recetpors of receptor tyrosine kinase pathway.

A

EGF receptors, FGF receptors, and Ephrine receptors

47
Q

Ligands of TGF-Beta superfamily.

A

TFG-Beta, BMP, and Nodal

48
Q

Receptors of TFG-Beta superfamily.

A

TGF-Beta and BMP receptors

49
Q

Ligand of Wnt signaling pathway.

A

Wnt

50
Q

Receptor of Wnt signaling pathway.

A

Frizzled

51
Q

Ligand of Hedgehog signaling pathway.

A

Hedgehog

52
Q

Receptor of Hedgehog signaling pathway.

A

Patched, Smoothened

53
Q

Ligand of Notch signaling pathway.

A

Delta

54
Q

Receptor of Notch signaling pathway.

A

Notch

COB - Cell/Molecular Biology (12 decks)

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