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COB - Cell/Molecular Biology > Exam 3 - Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

Four phases of cell cycle.

A

S phase, M phase, GAP phases = G1 phase and G2 phase.

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2
Q

Phase of cell cycle, synthesis of DNA.

A

S phase

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3
Q

Phase of cell cycle, separation of chromosomes and division of cells.

A

M phase

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4
Q

Phases of cell cycle, allow more time for cell growth.

A

GAP phases

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5
Q

GAP phase, occurs between M and S.

A

G1 phase

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6
Q

GAP phase, occurs between S and M.

A

G2 phase

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7
Q

Significance of GAP phases.

A

Alls cell growth to keep up with cell division so that cell size is maintained.

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8
Q

Three major checkpoints of cell cycle.

A

Start checkpoint (i.e. between G1 and S), G2 to M, and anaphase to cytokinesis.

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9
Q

Cell cycle checkpoint, cell commits to cell cycle and chromosomes are duplicated.

A

Start checkpoint

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10
Q

Cell cycle checkpoint, chromosomes align via spindles in metaphase.

A

G2 to M

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11
Q

Cell cycle checkpoint, triggers sister chromatid separation and cytokinesis.

A

Anaphase to cytokinesis

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12
Q

Enzyme, functions as a kinase, makes up the biochemical switches of the cell cycles.

A

Cyclin dependent kinases

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13
Q

Protein, regulates Cdk activity.

A

Cyclin

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14
Q

During the cell cycles Cdk levels are constant/vary meanwhile cyclin levels are constant/vary.

A

Constant; Vary

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15
Q

Four classes of cyclins.

A

G1/S cyclins, S cyclins, M cyclins, and G1 cyclins

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16
Q

Cyclin, activates Cdks in late G1.

A

G1/S cyclin

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17
Q

Cyclin, involved in the duplication of DNA.

A

S cyclins

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18
Q

Cyclin, invovled in mitosis.

A

M cyclins

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19
Q

When levels of G1/S cyclins drop.

A

Late S phase

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20
Q

When levels of S cyclins drop.

A

Mitosis

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21
Q

When levels of M cyclins drop.

A

Mid-mitosis

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22
Q

Four types of Cdks.

A

G1/S-Cdk, S-Cdk, M-Cdk, and G1-Cdk

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23
Q

Enzyme, phosphorylates roof site of Cdk, inhibits Cdk activity.

A

Wee1 Kinase

24
Q

Enzyme, dephosphorylates roof site of Cdk.

A

cdc25

25
Q

Enzyme, phosphorylates Cdk, leads to activation.

A

Cdk-activating kinase (CAK)

26
Q

Enzyme, binds to both Cdk and cyclin causing inactivation.

A

Cdk inhibitory proteins (CKI), examples = p27 and p21

27
Q

Protein, “glues” together sister chromatids.

A

Cohesin

28
Q

Protein, protects/secures cohesin by inhiting separase.

A

Securin

29
Q

Enzyme, cleaves cohesin.

A

Separase

30
Q

Enzyme, member of ubiquitin ligase family, key regulator of mitosis (i.e. specifically metaphase to anaphase)

A

Anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C)

31
Q

Protein complex, formed during G1, assembles at origin of replication, prevents mutliple duplications of DNA.

A

Prereplicative complex (PRE-RC)

32
Q

Motor protein, two motor domains, each interact with plus end of anti-parallel microtubule, move these anti-parallel microtubules past each other.

A

Kinesin-5

33
Q

How does kinesin-5 move chromosomes?

A

Moves them apart

34
Q

Motor protein, single motor domain, minus end oriented, moves towards minues end, pulls poles together.

A

Kinesin-14

35
Q

Motor protein, plus end directed motor, moves chromosomes away from the pole.

A

Kinesin-4,10

36
Q

How does kinesin-4,10 move chromosomes?

A

Pushes attached chromosomes away from the pole

37
Q

Motor protein, minus end directed, links astral microtubules to actin skeleton at cell.

A

Dynein

38
Q

Three forces driving chromosome movement.

A

Depolymerization, microtubule flux, and polar ejection force.

39
Q

Five subunit protein complex, requires ATP to promote compaction and resolution of sister chromatids.

A

Condensin

40
Q

Microtubule, attaches each chromosome to spindle pole (i.e. centrosome).

A

Kinetochore microtubules

41
Q

Microtubule, holds two halves of spindles together.

A

Interpolar microtubules

42
Q

Microtubule, interacts with cell cortex.

A

Astral microtubules

43
Q

Multilayered protein structure, attachment site of spindle to chromosome.

A

Kinetochore

44
Q

Chromosome movement, plus end of microtubule is depolymerized, pulls kinetochore towards pole.

A

Depolymerization

45
Q

Chromosome movement, microtubule moved towards spindle poles while being dismantled at minus end, treadmilling

A

Microtubule flux

46
Q

Chromosome movement, Kinesin-4,10 assits in transport of chromosome towards pole.

A

Polar ejection force

47
Q

Kinases, activated by ATM/ATR kinase, targets p53.

A

Chk1/Chk2

48
Q

Protein, stimulates transcription of p21.

A

p53

49
Q

Protein, binds to G1/S-Cdk and S-Cdk to inhibit activity.

A

p21 CKI

50
Q

Kinases, activate Chk1/Chk2 in response to DNA damage.

A

ATM/ATR kinases

51
Q

Protein, controls Ras-MAPK pathway, tumor suppressor.

A

Rb protein

52
Q

Cancer, due to loss of both copies of Rb genes, tumor proliferation in retina.

A

Retinoblastoma

53
Q

Three classes of extracellular signalling (i.e. control of cell division).

A

Mitogens, growth factors, and survival factors.

54
Q

Most important growth signalling pathway, adds ATP to inositol phopholipids.

A

PI-3 Kinase Pathway

55
Q

Target of PI-3 kinase pathway.

A

Target of rapamycin (TOR) - Activates many factors for cell growth

56
Q

Three mechanisms that help coordinate cell growth and cell division.

A

Rate of cell division determined via extracellular factor leading to cell growth, cell growth and division controlled separately by growth factors and mitogen, cell growth and division both stimulated by extracellular factor.

COB - Cell/Molecular Biology (12 decks)

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