Exam 3 - Neural Development

Question 1

Part of neural development, genesis of neurons, development is independent, cells are unconnected.

Answer 1

Phase I

Question 2

Part of neural development, axons and dendrites grow out, synapses are formed, growth is calculated and organized.

Answer 2

Phase II

Question 3

Part of neural development, refinement of synaptic connections, continues into adult life

Answer 3

Phase III

Question 4

Cell associated with neuron production due to its ability to provide nutrition and supporting frame work.

Answer 4

Glial cell

Question 5

What part of the gastrula do neurons and glail cells derive from?

Answer 5

Ectoderm.

Question 6

What part of the embryo is the CNS derived from?

Answer 6

Neural tube

Question 7

What part of the embryo is the PNS derived from?

Answer 7

Neural crest

Question 8

General describe the formation of the neural tube.

Answer 8

Derived from signle layer of epithelium, starts as neural groove on dorsal side of embryo, groove deepens creating neural folds, finally the folds meet forming the neural tube.

Question 9

Center of the neural tube.

Answer 9

Neural canal

Question 10

Signal that controls neuron differentiation via lateral inhibition and positive feedback.

Answer 10

Delta notch signaling

Question 11

How do signal proteins secreted from ventral and dorsal side of neural tube cause neurons to expres different gene regulatory proteins?

Answer 11

Secrete opposing morphogens.

Question 12

Morphogen secreted from dorsal side of neural tube, part of the TGF-Beta family.

Answer 12

Bone morphogenic protein (BMP)

Question 13

Morphogen secreted from ventral side of neural tube.

Answer 13

Sonic Hedgehog protein

Question 14

Where do the cells of the neural crest originate?

Answer 14

Dorsal end of neural tube.

Question 15

Closing of the neural tube.

Answer 15

Neurulation

Question 16

What are the various cell types generated from the neural crest?

Answer 16

Neurons and glial cells of PNS, ephinephrine-producing cells of adrenal gland, and skeletal and CT components of the head.

Question 17

What determines the fate of a neural crest cell?

Answer 17

Where it migrates to.

Question 18

What permits the migration of neuron during development?

Answer 18

Glial cells

Question 19

Irregulat, spikey enlargment found at the tips of axons and dendrites.

Answer 19

Growth cone

Question 20

Mechanism that permits the movement of axons and dendrites through surrounding tissues.

Answer 20

Growth cone crawling

Question 21

Proteins associated with one growth cone of a neuron that begin to migrate fast and form into the axon.

Answer 21

Axon-specific proteins

Question 22

What dictates the behavior of growth cones?

Answer 22

Cytoskeletal machinery

Question 23

What are the monomeric GTPases that control the assembly/disassembly of actin filaments that control the movement of growth cone?

Answer 23

Rho and Rac

Question 24

Two cues that growth cones use to migrate.

Answer 24

Extracellular matrix environment and chemotactic factors released from neighboring cells.

Question 25

Significant classes of receptors asspciated with growth cones and neuronal migration?

Answer 25

Immunoglobulin superfamily and Cadherin family

Question 26

Receive and relay information from sensory neurons in the periphery of the body.

Answer 26

Dorsal neurons

Question 27

Develop as motor neurons, send out axons that connect with specific subset of muscles.

Answer 27

Ventral clusters

Question 28

Found within intermediate locations, connects specific sets of nerves to each other.

Answer 28

Inter-neurons

Question 29

Chemotactic factor secreted from floor plate of neural tube. Attracts commissural neurons.

Answer 29

Netrin

Question 30

Chemotactic factors secreted from floor plate. Repel commissural neurons towards the brain.

Answer 30

Slit and Semaphorin

Question 31

Signals from target cells, regulate synapse formation and location of synapse formation.

Answer 31

Neurotrophic factors

Question 32

Receptor of nerve growth factor (NGF)

Answer 32

Tyrosine kinase

Question 33

Role of nerve growth facor (NGF).

Answer 33

Promotes survival of specific sensory neurons and sympathetic neurons.

Question 34

Short-term effects of nerve growth factor (NGF).

Answer 34

Growth cone and neurite extension

Question 35

Long-term effects of nerve growth factor (NGF)

Answer 35

Cell survival, mediation via receptor, taken up by cells via endocytosis, stimulate downstream signalling pathways.

Question 36

Channel, opens when netrin binds to its receptor.

Answer 36

TRPC or Transient receptor potential C