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Psych of Personality > Exam 3 PPT Notes - Ch. 13 > Flashcards

Exam 3 PPT Notes - Ch. 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

Bandura’s Approach:

  • …: learning by observing other people’s behavior
    • influenced by …
  • proposed that people learn through …
A

observational learning;

cognitive processes;

vicarious reinforcement

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2
Q

Bandura’s Approach:

  • vicarious reinforcement: observing the … of others and the …
    • …
A

behavior;

consequences of that behavior;

indirect reinforcement

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3
Q

Life of Bandura:

  • parents stressed the value of …
  • challenged …
A

education;

Skinner’s behaviorism

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4
Q

Life of Bandura:

  • Challenged Skinner’s behaviorism:
    • awards:
      • 1980- APA’s … award
      • 2006 - the American Psychological Foundation’s … Award for …
A

Distinguished Scientific Contribution;

Gold Medal;

Life Achievement

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5
Q

Modeling:

  • observing the behavior of a model and …
  • demonstrated through the … studies
A

repeating the behavior;

Bobo doll

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6
Q

Modeling:

  • demonstrated through the Bobo doll studies:
    • children watched an adult … the doll and … when left alone with the doll
      • were … than children who did not see this
A

attack;

modeled the violent behavior;

twice as violent

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7
Q

Modeling:

  • other modeling studies:
    • children’s behavior reflect …
    • … can induce behaviors
A

their parents’ behavior;

verbal modeling

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8
Q

Modeling:

  • …: weakening of inhibitions by observing the behavior of a model
  • society’s models affect …, …, … and … behavior
A

disinhibition;

good;

bad;

abnormal;

normal

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9
Q

Characteristics of the Modeling Situation:

  • Characteristics of the models:
    • …
    • … and …
    • …
A

similarity;

age; sex;

status

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10
Q

Characteristics of the Modeling Situation:

  • characteristics of the models:
    • … displayed
    • … and …
  • characteristics of observers:
    • …
    • …
A

type of behavior;

size; weight;

age;

attributes

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11
Q

Characteristics of the Modeling Situation:

  • Reward consequences of behaviors:
    • affects the …
    • prevails over …
A

extent of modeling;

characteristics of models and observers

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12
Q

Observational Learning Processes:

  • … processes
  • … processes
  • … processes
  • … and … processes
A

attentional;

retention;

production;

incentive;

motivational

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13
Q

Observational Learning Processes:

  • attentional processes:
    • developing our cognitive processes and perceptual skills so that we can … to a model, and perceiving the model … enough, to …
    • example: …
A

pay sufficient attention;

accurately;

imitate displayed behavior;

staying awake during driver’s ed class

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14
Q

Observational Learning Processes:

  • Retention Processes:
    • … or .. the model’s behavior so that we can … or … it at a later time
A

retaining;

remembering;

imitate;

repeat it

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15
Q

Observational Learning Processes:

  • Retention processes:
    • for this, we use our cognitive processes to form … and … of the model’s behavior
    • example: … on the lecture material or the video of a person driving a car
A

mental images;

verbal descriptions;

taking notes

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16
Q

Observational Learning Processes:

  • production processes:
    • translating the mental images or verbal symbolic representations of the model’s beahvior into our own … by …. producing the … and receiving … on the … of our continued practice
A

overt behavior;

physically;

responses;

feedback;

accuracy

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17
Q

Observational Learning Processes:

  • production processes example:
    • getting in a car with an instructor to practice … and … in the school parking lot
A

shifting gears;

dodging the traffic cones

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18
Q

Observational Learning Processes:

  • incentive and motivational processes:
    • perceiving that the mode’s behavior leads to a … and thus expecting that our learning - and successful performance - of the same behavior will lead to …
    • example: expecting that when we have mastered driving skills, we will … and …
A

reward;

similar consequences;

pass the state test;

receive a driver’s license

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19
Q

Inventive and Motivational Processes:

  • incentive to learn is influenced by the …
  • … is not always necessary
A

anticipation of reinforcement;

reinforcement

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20
Q

Self-Reinforcement:

  • Self- set of cognitive processes and structure concerned with … and …
A

thought;

perception

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21
Q

Self-Reinforcement:

  • administering rewards/punishments to oneself based on …
  • failure to meet unrealistic standards causes … and … behavior
A

personal standards;

emotional punishment;

destructive

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22
Q

Self-Reinforcement:

  • past behavior may become a … for evaluating present behavior and an … for … in the future
A

reference point;

incentive;

better performance

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23
Q

Self-efficacy:

  • feeling of …, … and … in coping with life
A

adequacy;

efficiency;

competence

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24
Q

Self-efficacy:

  • low self efficacy leads to feeling …, … quickly and …
A

helpless;

giving up;

self-doubt

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25
Q

Self-efficacy:

  • people with high self-efficacy believe that they can …, …, have reduced fear of … and have increased … abilities
A

overcome obstacles;

persevere;

failure;

analytical thinking

26
Q

Self-efficacy:

  • source of information about self-efficacy:
    • ..: prior … or …
A

performance attainment;

achievements;

failures

27
Q

Self-efficacy:

source of information about self-efficacy:

  • … experiences - seeing others’ … or …
  • … - reminding people of their abilities
A

vicarious;

successful performance;

failures;

verbal persuasion

28
Q

Self-efficacy:

source of information about self-efficacy:

  • … and … arousal: being … and … can lead to higher self-efficacy
A

physiological;

emotional;

calm;

composed

29
Q

ways of increasing self efficacy:

  • exposing people to … experiences by arranging …
  • exposing people to … who …
A

success;

reachable goals;

appropriate models;

perform successfully

30
Q

ways of increasing self efficacy:

  • providing …
  • strengthening … through …, … and … programs
A

verbal persuasion;

physiological arousal;

proper diet;

stress reduction;

exercise

31
Q

Developmental Stages of Self-Efficacy:

  • childhood
    • infants try to exercise greater influence over their … and … environments
    • … diminishes over time
A

physical;

social;

parental influence

32
Q

Developmental Stages of Self-Efficacy:

  • adolescence:
    • success depends on the level of self-efficacy formed …
    • involves coping with … due to …
A

in early years;

new demands;

transitions

33
Q

Developmental Stages of Self-Efficacy:

  • adulthood:
    • young adulthood period involves …
    • during the middle years people … their careers, and family and social lives
A

adjusting to new experiences;

reevaluate

34
Q

Developmental Stages of Self-Efficacy:

  • old age:
    • … are difficult
    • low self-efficacy affects … and … functioning
A

reassessments;

physical;

mental

35
Q

Behavior Modification:

  • goal - to modify learned behaviors considered … by society
  • forms of behavior therapy used to deal with fears/phobias:
    • …
    • …
    • …
A

undesirable;

modeling;

guided participation;

covert modeling

36
Q

Behavior Modification:

  • … can be treated through modeling approach:
    • used to treat … and …
A

anxiety;

fear of medical treatment;

test anxiety

37
Q

Behavior Modification:

  • ethical issues:
    • critics suggest that the clients are …, … and … without their consent
A

manipulated;

exploited;

controlled

38
Q

advantages of modeling therapy:

  • … are seen wholly
  • saves … and …
  • can be used with …
A

complex behaviors;

time;

money;

groups

39
Q

advantages of modeling therapy:

  • effective with:
    • …
    • …
    • …
A

phobias;

obsessive-compulsive disorders;

sexual dysfunction

40
Q

questions about human nature:

  • ….:
    • behavior is controlled by:
      • the individual, through …
      • the environment, through … events
A

reciprocal determinism;

cognitive processes;

external social stimulus

41
Q

questions about human nature:

  • … and … focus
  • emphasis is placed on …
  • …
  • …
A

past;

present;

uniqueness;

growth process;

optimistic

42
Q

Assessment in Bandura’s theory:

  • focused on … variables and … behavior
A

cognitive;

overt

43
Q

Assessment in Bandura’s theory:

  • techniques:
    • …
    • … inventories
    • … measurements
A

direct observation;

self-report;

physiological

44
Q

Research on Bandura’s Theory:

  • bandura favored … investigations
  • research topics:
    • …
    • …
    • … and the …
A

well-controlled laboratory;

self-efficacy;

collective efficacy;

self-efficacy; internet

45
Q

Research on Bandura’s Theory:

  • relationship between … behavior and … or …
A

aggressive;

TV;

online violence

46
Q

Research on self-efficacy:

  • studies on self-efficacy have shown that:
    • … score higher than the other sex in self-efficacy when younger
    • self-efficacy … into adulthood, … in middle age, and … after age 60
A

men;

increases;

peaks;

declines

47
Q

Research on self-efficacy:

  • studies on self efficacy have shown that:
    • those whose parents scored high in parental self-efficacy were …
    • those whose parents were high in self-efficacy did … in school and had … anxiety and … behavioral problems
A

high in personal self-efficacy;

better in school;

less;

fewer

48
Q

Research on self-efficacy:

  • studies on self efficacy have shown that:
    • self efficacy is … in individualistic cultures
  • people high in self efficacy:
    • earn … in school
A

higher;

better grades

49
Q

Research on self-efficacy:

  • people high in self efficacy:
    • set … career goals, are … to attaining those goals and …
A

higher;

more committed;

perform better on the job

50
Q

Research on self-efficacy:

people high in self efficacy:

  • are in …, are better able to … and … from illness
A

better health;

tolerate pain;

recover faster

51
Q

Research on self-efficacy:

people high in self efficacy:

  • are less likely to … and …
  • are less likely to experience …, …, … or become …
A

drink alcohol;

smoke cigarettes;

depression;

test anxiety;

on-the job stress;

neurotic

52
Q

Research on self-efficacy:

people high in self efficacy:

  • score higher in …
  • they … about themselves
A

self esteem;

feel good

53
Q

Research on Bandura’s Ideas:

  • groups that score high in collective efficacy:
    • win more … and get … in school
    • show a higher level of … to their organization
A

basketball games;

better grades;

commitment

54
Q

Research on Bandura’s Ideas:

  • groups that score high in collective effiacy:
    • score high in … and …
    • engage in … in the classroom
    • experience greater … and … with their family
A

job satisfaction;

job performance;

less bullying;

openness;

satisfaction

55
Q

Research on Bandura’s Ideas:

  • Research on internet self efficacy has found that:
    • … college students in the US score higher than the other sex
    • in taiwan, … in the 8th grade score higher than the other sex
    • those high in social self efficacy (confident in their ability to …) are more likely to become …
A

male;

girls;

make new friends;

addicted to the Internet

56
Q

Research on Bandura’s Ideas:

Research on internet self efficacy has found that:

  • those who feel sure of their ability to make a good impression on others use more … such as … on their Facebook page
A

informal photos;

selfies

57
Q

Research on Bandura’s Ideas:

Studies show that aggressive behavior is related to:

  • watching … on TV and online in …
  • playing … in …, … and …
A

violent behavior;

childhood;

violent video games;

childhood;

adolescence;

young adulthood

58
Q

Research on Bandura’s Ideas:

  • cyberbullying:
    • is more likely to be practiced by those that are high in …
    • has fewer effects on those who are …
A

disinhibition;

high in self-efficacy

59
Q

Reflections on Bandura’s Theory:

  • criticisms:
    • focuses on … behavior and ignores … of perosnality
    • treats only the … and not the …
A

overt;

human aspect;

symptom;

cause

60
Q

Reflections on Bandura’s Theory:

  • contributions:
    • … and amenable to …
      • provides a great deal of …
A

objective;

lab methods;

empirical support

61
Q

Reflections on Bandura’s Theory:

  • observational learning and behavior modification are … and …
  • use of … can be applied to resolution of problems
A

pragmatic;

functional;

role models

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