exam 1 txtbk - ch 3 Flashcards
Jung’s personality. theory was intensely …
autobiographical
Jung concluded that the most crucial stage in personality development was …, which was the time of his own crisis.
Jung, who … the importance of sex in his personality theory, maintained a vigorous, anxiety-free sex life and enjoyed a number of extramarital affairs
middle age;
minimized
jung did not mbelieve that libido was primarily a sexual energy; he argued instead that it was a broad, undifferentiated …
Jung used the term libido in two ways: first, as a diffuse and general … and second, from a perspective similar to Freud’s, as a narrower … that fuels the work of the personality, which he called the …
life energy;
life energy;
psychic energy;
psyche
it is through psychic energy that psychological activities such as …, …., … and … are carried out
perceiving;
thinking;
feeling;
wishing
when a person invests a great deal of psychic energy in a particular idea/feeling, it is said to have a … and can strongly influence their life
high psychic value
principle of opposites: every wish/feeling has its opposite. this opposition is the primary motivator of … and generator of … The sharper the conflict between polarities, the greater will be the … produced
behavior;
energy;
energy
principle of equivalence: Jung staated that energy expended in bringing about some condition is not lost but rather is shifted to …
The psychic energy used for conscious activities while we are awake is shifted to … when we are asleep
the word equivalence implie that the new area to which the energy has shifted must have an …; that is, it should be equally desirable, compelling, or fascinating. Otherwise, the excess energy will flow into the …
another part of the personality;
dreams;
equal psychic value;
unconscious
principle of entropy: Jung proposed that there is a tendency toward maintaining an… in the personality.
If two desires/beliefs differ greatly in intensity/psychic value, energy will flow from the … to the …
ideally, the personality has an … of psychic energy over all its aspects, but this ideal state is never achieved
equilibrium;
more strongly held; weaker;
equal distribution
the ego is the center of …, the part of the psyche concerned wtih …, …, …, and …
consciousness;
perceiving;
thinking;
feeling;
remembering
the ego acts in a … way, admitting into conscious awareness only a … of the stimuli to which we are exposed
selective;
portion
much of our conscious perception of our environment, and how we react to it, is determined by the opposing mental attitudes of … and …
According to Jung, all of us have the capacity for both attitudes, but only one becomes dominant in our personality. the dominant attitude then tends to direct our … and … The nondominant attitude still remains influential and becomes part of the …, where it can affect behavior
extraversion; intraversion;
behavior; consciosuness;
personal unconscious
psychological functions –> different and opposing ways of perceiving both the … and our …
Jung posited four functions of the psyche: …, …, … and …
external real world;
subjective inner world;
sensing;
intuiting;
thinking;
feeling
sensing and intuiting are grouped together as … functions bc they do not use the processes of reason.
These functions … experiences and do not evaluate them. Sensing … an experience through the … the way a photograph copies an object. Intuiting does not arise directly from an …
nonrational;
accept;
reproduces;
senses;
external stimulus
thinking and feeling are … functions that involve making judgments and evals about our experiences.
Although thinking and feeling are opposites, both are concerned with … and … experiences
rational;
organizing;
categorizing
thinking vs. feeling
- thinking function involves a conscious judgment of whether an experience is … or …
- The kind of evaluation made by the feeling function is expressed in terms of … or …, … or …
true; false;
like; dislike;
stimulation; dullness
we have the capacity for all 4 psych functions. just as one attitude is dominant, only one function is dominant
only … of functions is dominant - either the … or the … - and within each of these only one function is dominant
one pair;
rational;
irrational
Jung proposed 8 psychological types, based on the interactions of the … and …
two attitudes;
4 functions
extraverted thinking types:
- live strictly in accordance with …
- may be perceived as … and …
- tend to make good scientists bc their focus is on learning about the … and using … to describe and understand it
society’s rules;
rigid; cold;
external world;
logical rules
extraverted feeling types:
- tend to repress the … mode and to be highly …
- conform to the … and … they have been taught and are unusually sensitive to the … and … of others
- Jung believed this type was found more often among …
thinking;
emotional;
traditional values;
moral codes;
opinions;
expectations;
women
extraverted sensing type:
- focus on … and … and on seeking …
- strongly oriented toward the … and are … to different kinds of people and changing situations
pleasure; happiness;
new experiences;
real world;
adaptable
extraverted intuiting types:
- keen ability to …
- tend to be …, moving from one idea/venture to another, and to make decisions based more on … than on … (their decisions, though, are likely to be correct)
exploit opportunities;
changeable;
hunches;
reflection
introverted thinking types:
- do not get along well with other people and have difficulty …
- focus on … rather than … and have poor …
- focus on understanding … rather than …
communicating ideas;
thoughts; feelings; practical judgment;
themselves;
other people
introverted feeling types:
- repress …
- capable of … but avoid any outward expression of it
- have little consideration for …
rational thought;
deep emotion;
others’ feelings and thoughts
introverted sensing types:
- look on most human activities with … and …
- they are … sensitive
benevolence;
amusement;
aesthetically
introverted intuiting types:
- focus so intently on … that they have little contact with …
- they are .. and …
- they have difficulty coping with … and …
intuition;
reality;
visionaries; daydreamers;
everyday life;
planning for the future
personal unconscious is similar to Freud’s …
- reservoir of material that was once conscious but has been forgotten or suppressed bc it was … or …
preconscious;
trivial;
disturbing
a complex is a core/pattern of …, …, … and … organized around a …
emotions;
memories;
perceptions;
wishes;
common theme
by directing thoughts and behavior in various ways, the complex determines how that person …
complexes may be .. or … - those that are of the latter category can intrude on and interfere with …
The person with aa complex is generally unaware of its influence, although other people may easily observe its effects
perceives the world;
conscious;
unconscious;
consciousness;
Jung believed that complexes originate not only from our … and …, but also from our …, the heritage of the species contained in the …
chidlhood;
adult experiences;
ancestral experiences;
collective unconscious
Jung believed that humankind collectively, as a species, stores the experience of all our … and … in the collective unconscious.
believed that whatever experiences are … - that is, are repeated by … - become part of our personality
human;
pre-human ancestors;
universal;
each generation
we do not inherit collective experiences of collective unconscious …
we are predisposed to … and … the same ways people have always. whether the predisposition becomes reality depends on the … we encounter in life
directly;
behave; feel;
specific experiences
the ancient experiences contained in the collective unconscious are manifested by recurring themes or patterns, which Jung called … (aka …)
by being repeated in the lives of succeeding generaitons, these haave become imprinted in our psyches and are expressed in our … and …
archetypes;
primordial images;
dreams;
fantasies
among the archetypes Jung proposed are the:
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
hero;
mother;
child;
God;
death;
power;
wise old man
The major archetypes include the;
…
… and …
…
…
persona;
anima; animus;
shadow;
self
persona archetype is a public face we wear to present ourselves as some … from who we really are.
necessary bc we are forced to … in life
although it can be helpful, it can be harmful if we believe it … –> ego may come to identify with the persona rather than with the person’s true nature, resulting in a condition known as …
different;
play so many roles;
reflects our true nature;
infaltion of the persona
anima and animus archetypes refer to Jung’s recognition that humans are essentially …
psyche of the woman contains … aspects (the … archetype)
psyche of the man contains … aspects (the … archetype)
these opposite sex characteristics aid in the adjustment and survival of the species bc they enable a person of one sex to … of the other sex
bisexuaal;
masculine; animus;
feminine; anima;
understand the nature
shadow: contains the basic, primitive … instincts and therefore has the deepest roots of all the archetypes
* behaviors that society considers .. and … reside in the shadow, and this dark side must be … if people are to live in harmony
animal;
evil;
immoral;
tamed
the shadow is the source of evil but it is also the source of …, …, …, and …
vitality;
spontaneity;
creativity;
emotion
it’s the job of the ego to repress the animal instincts enough so that we are considered … while allowing sufficient expression of the instincts to provide … and …
civilized;
creativity;
vigor
if the shadow is fully suprressed, not only does the personality become flat, but the personal also faces the possibility that the shadow will …
the animal instincts do not disappear when they are suppressed. Rather, they lie …, waiting for a crisis/weakness in the ego so they can …
revolt;
dormant;
gain control
the self archetype represents the …, … and … of the toal personality
to Jung, the striving toward that wholeness is the ultimate goal of life
unity;
integration;
harmony
in the self archetype, the opposites of conscious and unconscious processes must become … so that the self, which is the … of personality, shifts from the … to a point of equilibrium between the opposing forces of … and …
assimilated;
center;
ego;
conscious;
unconscious
the full realization of the self lies in the …
It is a … - something to always strive for but which is rarely achieved
the self cannot begin to emerge until all the other systems of the psyche have … This occurs around …, a crucial period of transition in Jung’s system. The actualization of the self involves goals and plans for the future and an accurate perception of one’s abilities
future;
goal;
developed;
middle age
Jung believed that personality is determined by what we … as well as by what we have been in the past and by what happened to us then.
He criticized freud for emphasizing only past events as shapers of personality, to the exclusion of the future
hope to be
ego begins to develop in ..,. at first in a primitive way bc the child has not yet formed a unique identity.
what might be called children’s personalities are, at this stage, little moer than a … of the … of their …
childhood;
reflection; personalities; parents
the ego begins to form substantively only when children become able to … between … and … or …
distinguish; themselves; other people; objects in their world
it is not until … that the psyche assumes a definite form and content.
This period, which Jung called our …, is marked by difficulties and the need to adapt. Childhood fantasies must end as the adolescent confronts the damnds of reality.
From the teenage years through young adulthood, our focus is …, our … is dominant and, in general, our primary conscious attitude is that of …
puberty;
psychic birth;
external;
conscious;
extraversion
Jung believed that major personality changes occur between the ages of … and …
by that age, the … problems of young adulthood have usually been resolved
35; 40;
adaptation
middle age is a natural time of transition in which the personality is supposed to undergo necessary and beneficial changes. ironically the changes occur bc middle-aged people have been so successful in …
although they still possess considerable energy, it now has …, and so, Jung believed, it has to be rechanneled into different activities and interests
meeting life’s demands;
nowhere to go
Jung noted that in the first half of life we must focus on the objective world of …
In contrast, the second half of life must be devoted to the …, … world that heretofore had been neglected.
the attitude of the personality must shift from … to … The focus on … must be tempered by an awareness of the …
reality;
inner; subjective;
extraversion; intraversion;
consciousness;
unconscious
at middle age we must begin the process of … or … the self.
If we are successful in integrating the unconscious with the conscious, then we are in a position to attain a new level of positive psychological health which Jung called …
realizing;
actualizing;
individuation
individuation involves becoming an …, fulfilling one’s … and developing one’s …
individual;
capacities;
self
to strive for individuation, middle aged people must abandon the behavior snad values that guided the first half of their lives and …, bringing it into conscious awareness and … what it tells them to do.
unconscious forces must be … and … with the conscious. at this time of life, no single aspect of personality should dominate
confront their unconscious;
accepting;
assimilated;
balanced
Individuation:
- the first change involves dethroning the …
- we must recognize that our public personality may not … Further, we must come to accept the … that the persona has been covering
persona;
represent our true nature;
genuine self
individuation:
- next, we become aware of the … forces of the … and acknowledge that side of our nature
- that does not mean that we submit to them or allow them to dominate us, but simply …
destructive;
shadow;
accept their existence
individuation:
- a man must be able to express his …
- a woman must come to express her …
- accepting the .. qualities of both sexes opens new sources of … and serves as the final release from … influences
anima archetype;
animus;
emotional;
creativity;
parental
individuation:
- once the psyche’s structure are individuated and acknowledged, the next developmental stage, …, can occur. this entails an innate tendency toward … or … in the personality, uniting all the opposing aspects within the psyche
transcendence;
unity;
wholeness
Jung did not hold such a deterministic view, but he did agree that perosnality may be at least partly determined by … and by the …
There is ample room in Jung’s system for free will and spontaneity, the latter arising from the …
childhood experiences;
archetypes;
shadow archetype
the drive toward individuation and transcendence is .., but it cana be aided/thwarded by … and …
innate;
learning;
experience
Jung disagreed with Freud on the importance of childhood experience. Jung thought they were … but did not completely … by age 5
influential;
shape our personality
each individual is unique in Jung’s view but only during …
when some progress toward individuation is made in middle age, we develop what Jung designated as a … of personality in which no single aspect is …
first half of life;
universal kind;
dominaant
Jung presented a more positive, hopeful image of human nature than Freud. He believed that we always have the hope of …
He argued that the human species also continues to …
He expressed concern though about a danger facing Western culture. He referred to it as a sickness of … –> by placing too great an emphasis on materialism, reason, and empiricaal science, we are in danger of failing to appreciate the forces of the unconscious
becoming better;
improve;
dissociation
Jung believed that his patients’ fantasies were … and he …
real to them;
accepted them at face value
three kinda formal techniques jung used to evaluate personality were the:
…
…
…
widely used self-report personality test, the …, was developed later by others to assess Jung’s psych types
word-associaton test;
symptom analysis;
dream analysis;
myers-briggs type indicator
The word-association test, in which a subject responds to a stimulus word with whatever word comes immediately to mind,
In the early 1900s, Jung used the technique with a list of 100 words he believed were capable of … . Jung measured the … it took for a patient to respond to each word. He also measured …reactions to determine the emotional effects of the stimulus words.
eliciting emotion;
time;
physiological;
Jung used word association to uncover …in his patients. A variety of factors indicated the presence of a complex, including:
… responses,
… in respond- ing,
making the … response to different words,
…
…,
responding with …,
… words, or
… to respond.
complexes;
physiological;
delays;
same;
slips of the tongue;
stammering;
more than one word;
making up
failing
… focuses on the symptoms reported by the patient and is based on the person’s free associations to those symptoms
symptom analysis
Jung believed that dreams are … - help us prepare for experiences/events we anticipate will occur.
also believed that dreams are … –> help bring about a balance between opposites in the psyche by compensating for the … of any one psychic structure
prospective;
compensatory;
overdevelopment
Jung worked with a series of dreams reported by a patient …
In that way, Jung believed he could discover recurring …, …, and … that persisted in the patient’s unconscious
over a period of time;
themes;
issues;
problems
used … to analyze dreams :
focused ont he original dream element and asked the patient to make … and … to it until he detected a theme. he did not try to distinguish between manifest and latent dream content
amplification;
repeated associations;
responses
Jung used the case study method which he called …
had the same issues:
- not objective
- not gathered in controlled way
- not amenable to duplication, verification, quantification
- didn’t keep verbatim records
- didn’t attempt to verify the … of patient records
- case studies involved small, unrepresentative sample
- don’t know how he analyzed patients bc he didn’t explain his procedures
life-history reconstruction;
accuracy
introverts showed strong interests in occupations that did not involve …
extraverts more interested in jobs that offered high levels of …
other research found that introverted feeling and judging types had higher … than other psych types
personal interaction;
social interaction;
GPAs
college students who scored high in intuiting were inclined toward more … vocational interests. those who scored high in sensing favored more … vocational interests.
another sample of college students who took the MBTI, extraverts scored higher than introverts in … and general …
creative;
conventional;
psychological well-being;
life satisfaction
people categorized as introverted thinking types have better memories for … or … stimuli
persons labeled extraverted feeling have better memories for … stimuli with … overtones
neutral; impersonal;
human; emotional
Also, introverted thinking and extraverted feeling types differ in their ability to recall significant personal experiences
When subjects were asked to recall their most vivid experiences involving such emotions as joy, anger, and shame, extraverted feeling types most often reported memories involving …
Introverted thinking types more frequently recalled events that occurred when they were ….
In addition, extraverted feeling types recalled highly … details, whereas introverted thinking types remembered more emotionally … and … experiences.
other people.
alone;
emotional;
neutral; factual
Introverts were more likely than extraverts to recall everyday dreams that bore …to archetypes.
Intuiting types recalled more archetypal dreams than did …types.
Persons who scored high in neuroticism recalled …archetypal dreams than those who scored low in neuroticism.
The researchers concluded that these findings agreed with predictions made on the basis of Jung’s personality theory.
no relation;
sensing;
fewer;
an intensive investigation of men and women aged 37 to 55, who held senior executive positions, found that they displayed behaviors that corroborate Jung’s concept of …
individuation;
women at midlife who experienced more stressful changes in their lives reported lower levels of … with their lives
lesbian women reported … emotional turmoil at midlife than did heterosexuals
black women had more … self-perceptions at middle age than White women
satisfaction;
less;
positive
A survey of women in their 50s, who had been studied periodically since their senior year in college, asked them to describe the most difficult period in their lives since graduation. A variety of self-ratings revealed that the …were the time of greatest conflict.
Other research demonstrated that many women in midlife undergo an intense period of … reviewing their lives and judging their relative success or failure. One study found that the midlife transition was less difficult for women who had … than for women who … and focused on … and …
early 40s;
self-evaluation,;
actively pursued careers;
stayed at home;
marriage;
family
The women were studied initially as students and later when they were in their late 30s or early 40s.
The majority of the women experienced a period of …around age 40, as Jung had predicted. Approximately two-thirds made … between the ages of 37 and 43 as a direct result of their self-evaluation.
life reevaluation;
major life changes
A longitudinal study followed women for 20 years after they graduated from college. The results showed that the personalities of the women at midlife, based on ratings by independent judges, could be divided into three levels or prototypes: …, …, and ….
conflicted;
traditional;
individuated
The lowest level, the conflicted prototype, was characterized by:
… conflicts
… problems
… relationships with others
…
….
…
personal;
psychological;
poor;
anxiety;
hostility;
rigidity
The second level, the traditional prototype, was chaaracterized by:
… to others
feelings of …
emphasis on fulfilling … and … at the expense of their own … and …
concern for … and getting the … of others
devotion;
guilt;
duties; obligations; self-development; self-expression;
societal standards; approval
The third level, the individuated prototype, corresponds to Jung’s concept of …, the ideal outcome of the midlife personality crisis.
Women at this level were described as high in:
…
…
… and … to others
…
individual … orientation
…
…
…
… and … sophistication
individuation;
autonomy;
creativity;
responsiveness; closeness;
self-actualization;
achievement;
empathy;
tolerance;
ego resilience;
intellectual; cultural
The word-association test became a standard … technique and inspired the development of the …test and the so-called l… techniques.
The concepts of psychological … and of … versus … personalities are widely accepted in psychology today. The personality scales that measure introversion and extraversion are standard diagnostic and selection devices.
projective;
Rorschach inkblot;
lie-detection;
complexes;
introverted; extraverted;
Jung was the first to emphasize the role of the … in determining behavior
The idea of a … is now seen by many as a necessary stage of personality development and has been supported by considerable research
future;
midlife crisis
many of Jung’s writings are difficult to … and lack internal … and …
critics chrage that Jung accepted as scientific evidence the … and … occurrences his patients recorded
comprehend;
consistency;
systematization;
mythical;
mystical
