Exam 3 PPT Notes - Ch. 12 Flashcards
Skinner’s Choice of Subjects:
- used … and …
- held that fundamental processes were the same in humans
- attempted to explain all behavior through … and … terms
- excluded … and … human states
rats; pigeons;
factual;
descriptive;
internal;
subjective
Life of Skinner:
- 1904-1990
- childhood:
- parents were … and dictated clear rules of …
- was fascinated with … and …
hardworking;
proper behavior;
machines;
animals
Life of Skinner:
- studied … and specialized in …
- wrote …:
- describes a society controlled by …
psychology;
behaviorism;
Walden Two;
positive reinforcement
Life of Skinner:
- Skinner’s chracteristics based on the results of projective tests:
- …
- …
- …
- …
- …
quirky;
conscientious;
open to new experiences;
extraverted;
neurotic
Reinforcement: the basis of behavior:
- … behavior: responses made to or elicited by …
- … behavior: behavior emitted spontaneously or voluntarily that operates on the … to …
respondent;
environmental stimuli;
operant;
environment;
change it
Reinforcement: respondent Behavior:
- …: substitution of one stimulus for another
- …: act of strengthening a response by adding … and increasing the likelihood of …
conditioning;
reinforcement;
reward;
response repetition
Reinforcement: respondent Behavior:
- …:: process of eliminating a behavior by …
extinction;
withholding reinforcement
Operant Conditioning:
- a change in the consequences of a response will affect the … at which the response occurs
- used to teach animals certain behaviors
- infants display …. as they grow
- skinner held that personality is a collection of …
rate;
positively reinforced behaviors;
operant patterns
The Skinner Box:
- the rat first …
- the rat learns to … to …
explores the environment;
press the bar;
get food
The Skinner Box:
- the rat learns to press the bar to get food:
- food acts as a … for pressing the bar
- begins to … to get food
reinforcer;
press the bar more often
schedules of reinforcement:
- patterns/rates of … or …
- reinforcement …
providing; withholding reinforcers;
does not occur every time
schedules of reinforcement:
- …: reinforcer following a fixed amount of time after response
- …: reinforcer after unpredictable amount of time
- …: reinforcer following a fixed number of responses
- …: reinforcer after unpredictable number of responses
fixed interval;
variable interval;
fixed ratio;
variable ratio
Shaping of Behavior:
- behavior that is expected to be …
- ….:
- explanation of acquisition of complex behavior
- behavior will be reinforced only as it comes to approximate or approach the …
displayed in time;
successive approximation;
final desired behavior
Superstitious behavior:
- persistent behavior that has a … and … to the reinforcement it received
- results from …
coincidental;
not functional relationship;
accidental reinforcement
Self-Control of Behavior:
- one’s ability to … over variables that determine his/her behavior
- acting to alter the impact of …
exert control;
external events
Self-Control of Behavior:
- …: removing onself from an external variable
- …: overdoing undesired behavior
- …: making negative consequences for onself
- …: rewarding oneself
stimulus avoidance;
self-administered satiation;
averse stimulation;
self-reinforcement
Applications of Operant Conditioning:
- …: therapy that applies … for changing behavior
- applicable in …, …, … and …
behavior modification;
principles of reinforcement;
classrooms;
clinics;
businesses;
industries
Applications of Operant Conditioning:
- …: application of … to decrease certain behavior
- less effective than …
punishment;
aversive stimulus;
positive reinforcement
Applications of Operant Conditioning:
- ….: … are exchanged for … or … for desired behavior
token economy;
tokens;
valued objects;
privileges
Applications of Operant Conditioning:
- token economy:
- … behaviors … when the tokens are not provided
reinforced;
revert to original state
Applications of Operant Conditioning:
- negative reinforcement:
- strengthening a response by …
- consequences are … as positive reinforcement
removing an aversive stimulus;
not as predictable
Questions about Human Nature:
- …
- emphasized on the influence of …
- focused on the … and the …
deterministic;
nurture;
past;
present
Questions about Human Nature:
- stressed on …
- … and …
- …
uniqueness;
equilibrium;
growth;
optimistic
Assessment in Skinner’s Theory:
- …: approach to study behavior
- assesses the … of a behavior, the … it occurs in, and its …
functional analysis;
frequency;
situation;
associated reinforcers
Assessment in Skinner’s Theory:
- approaches:
- …
- …
- … measurements
direct observation;
self-report;
physiological
Research on Skinner’s Theory:
- intensive study of … subjects
- results of other experiments … Skinner’s ideas
single;
support
Research on Skinner’s Theory:
- Research on Skinner’s behaviorism:
- the greater the reinforcement given during training, the more … is the conditioned response to …
- … can shape most forms of behaviors in humans and animals
resistant;
extinction;
operant conditioning
Research on Skinner’s Theory:
- Research on Skinner’s behaviorism
- college students who measure high in self-control get …, are … psychologically, and have …
better grades;
better adjusted;
higher self-esteem
Research on Skinner’s Theory:
- Research on Skinner’s behaviorism:
- token economy programs have reduced … acts by … patients by as much as 79 percent
aggressive;
cognitively impaired
Reflections on Skinner’s Theory:
- Criticisms:
- focuses on … behavior and ignores … qualities
- experiemnts were …
- usage of …
overt;
uniquely human;
simple;
animals as subjects
Reflections on Skinner’s Theory:
- …: substitution of … behaviors for behaviors that had been …
- challenged by … movement
instinctive drift;
instinctive;
reinforced;
cognitive
Reflections on Skinner’s Theory:
- Contributions:
- skinner was a potent force in psychology
- shaped the field moe than any. other individual
- his approach ocntinues to be applied in …, … and … settings
laboratory;
clinical;
organizational
