Erikson Notes contd Flashcards
A study of men and women in Australia ages 55 to 93 showed that continued involvement in … and … activities led to continued feelings of generativity well into old age
family;
community
When younger adults (ages 25 - 35) were compared with older adults (60 - 85), there were no significant differences betweent he groups in reported frequency of …
However, the reasons for doing this did differ. Younger people engaged in reflection to gain … and find … to current problems. Older people reflected on their past to … and achieve a sense of …
life reflections;
self-insight;
solutions;
evaluate their lives;
ego integrity
Gender differences in aging may make it more difficult for women than form men to engage in a … process of relflection
Research involving adults in their 60s found men reported much higher levels of …, …,, … and … than women did
dispassionate;
identity;
certainty;
confidence;
power
The so-called double standard in society considers aging as more … for women and sees women as … at an earlier age than men
negative;
“old”
Women tend to live longer than men and are more likely to have to deal with issues of … and …, …, loss of … and reduced … This may contribute to the observation that women’s retrospective reviews of their lives are often less positive than those of men and more likely to lead to the condition Erikson noted as … in later years
illness;
incapacity;
bereavement;
social support;
income;
despair
Many studies of Latino, Asian and Black teenagers in the US, Hong Kong and Canada show clearly that a strong ethnic identity is related to:
- …
- high …
- strong …
- … with life
- good …
psychological well-being;
self-esteem;
social bonds;
satisfaction;
academic motivation
Research involving Black adolescents showed clear, consistent and strong relationships between … and …
racial identity;
psychological health
racial identity appeared to be a stronger and more important factor for self esteem among … adolescents than among … or … adolescents
Black;
biracial;
Asian
… (that is, how people feel about being members of their racial/ethnic group) has been shown to increase in African American and Latino American teenagers during the period of … and … It remained … among White students, measuring … at both the beginning and end of the period studied
group esteem;
early; middle adolescence;
stable;
high
Other research found that Black adolescents high in ethnic identity expressed more negative attitudes toward … and more positive attitudes toward …,
However, those who scored high on a measure of anti-White attitudes were far more likely to …, have negative attitudes toward …, and … at school
drugs;
school;
use drugs;
school;
misbehave
Another study of Black adolescents found that, in addition to ethnic identity, … also assumes a greater importance as they got older.
Those who were high in both of these identities scored high in … and …
gender identity;
mental health;
adjustment to school
Research on teenagers in the US who had been born in Mexico found that those who had a more traditional and easily recognizable Latino … were higher in …
appearance;
racial identity
A study of Black and Hispanic women found that identity confusion (a conflict in identity between one’s … and the …) may lead to …
minority culture;
majority culture;
eating disorders
A study of Black and Hispanic women foudn that identity confusion may lead to eating disorders.
Identificationw itha North American model of beauty that emphasizes extreme … created in some women a tendency to exhibit disorders such as anorexia
thinness
Studies of Asian American and Hispanic american adolescents confirm that … is central to forming an ego identity.
A strong ethnic identity was associated with … and with better … and …
ethnicity;
high self esteem;
peer; family relations
A study of Hispanic American teens found that those who attend predominantly White schools reported significantly … levels of ethnic identity than those who attended more ethnically balanced schools.
Other research found that a strong ethnic identity commitment among Latinos served as a buffer/protector against … and also enhanced … and …
higher;
stress;
subjective well-being;
academic achievement
Young Asian Americans with high ethnic identity showed stronger resistance to … and … than Asian Americans with a higher degree of assimilation into majority culture.
In Canada, among those adolescents identified as members of the First Nation (Indians), those who identified more strongly with their own culture scored higher on measures of … than those who considered themselves bicultural
drinking alcoholic beverages;
smoking marijuana;
identity strength
William Cross posits four stages int he development of a psychologically healthy Black identity:
- …
- …
- …
- …
pre-encounter;
encounter;
imemrsion-emersion;
internalization
The pre-encounter stage includes three identity clusters:
- the pre-encounter … identity conains little racial awareness/racial identity
- pre-encounter … identity internalizes negative stereotypes about being Black
- pre-encounter … identity involves highly negative views about Blacks, resulting in anti-Black and self-hating attitudes
assimilation;
miseducation;
self-hatred
In the encounter stage the person is subjected to … or …, which causes a shift in the adolescent’s worldview
racism;
discrimination
The immersion-emersion stage proposes two identities.
- The immersion-emersion … identity celebrates everything Black as good and desirable.
- The immersion-emersion … identity views everything White as evil and wrong
intense Black involvement;
anti-White
The internalization stage also consists of two identities:
- one is …, which adheres to a pro-Black Afrocentric perspective whereas the … identity embrces not only a Black identity but also other types of ethnic, racial and gender identity
Black nationalism;
multiculturalist inclusive
A study of Black men (avg age 20) showed that those in the pre encounter stage of their ethnic identity reported significantly less ..,. greater … and lower … than those in the internalization stage
self-esteem;
psychological distress;
psychological well-being
As racial identity proceeded from the earliest through the more mature stages of Cross’s model, the level of … changed from the least sophisticated and immature to more mature ones
defense mechanisms
The importance of this kind of minority ego identity development model lies in the recognition of … as a vital component of ego identity and in the suggestion that ethnic identity develops over a series of …, similar to the concept of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. As we noted, Erikson did not deal directly with the concept of ethnic identity, but this model adheres to the same … he proposed
ethnic identity;
stages;
developmental pattern
Researchers have proposed that LGBT identiy develops over a series of stages:
- …: this stage, which occurs prior to adolescence, refers to one’s initial perception of being different from peers of the same sex
- …: this adolescent stage is marked by the confusing, perhaps frightening, realization that one’s feelings and thoughts could be characterized as homosexual
- …: during this stage the person comes to believe that he/she is homosexual and begins to accept the beginnings of a gay identiy
- …: in this stage the person fully accepts the gay identity as a way of life
sensitization;
identity confusion;
identity assumption;
commitment
In general, those with nontraditional gender preference identities experience higher levels of:
- …
- …
- …
- feelings of … and …
- … and … problems
stress;
depression;
suicide;
failure; guilt;
physical; mental health
Having strong social support from family and friends can greatly reduce the effects of …
Coming out, or identifying themselves publicly and expressing pride in their identity with no desire to alter/conceal it results in higher scores on measures of … and … These people were found to experience higher … and lower levels of … than those who had not announced their identity
harrassment;
mental; emotional well-being;
self-esteem;
depression
A study of male inmates in a medium-security prison found that those whose personality style included a strong need for personal relationships had less … “This need for others may override their … or fear of appearing …”
gender role conflict;
homophobia;
feminine
A study of male inmates in a medium-security prison found that those whose personalities showed less need for personal contact had greater … about …
gender role conflict;
homosexual tendencies
Erikson’s substantial contributions to psychology include the recognition that personality continues to …., the concept of the … in adolescence, and the incorporation in his theory of the impact of …., …, and … forces.
develop throughout the life span;
identity crisis;
cultural;
social;
historical
some psychologists question whether personality development after age 55 is likely to be as …as Erikson suggested with his concept of ego integrity.
positive
Erikson’s position on sex differences, as revealed in his interpretation of the play constructions research, has also come under attack. What he saw as biologically based differences in personality for boys and girls, emerging from the presence or absence of a penis, could as well be … differences or the result of … Erikson later admitted these possibilities.
Erikson’s developmental stages may not be applicable to …
cultural;
sex-role training;
women
Some critics charge that Erikson’s personality theory does not apply to people in … circumstances who cannot afford a … in adolescence to explore different roles and develop an ego identity.
reduced economic;
moratorium
The field of … owes much of its spark to Erikson’s approach, as does the current interest in developmental problems of … and …
In addition, Erikson’s method of … has become a standard diagnostic and therapeutic tool for work with emotionally disturbed and abused children
life-span developmental psychology;
middle; old age;
play therapy
stages of psychosocial development:
- trust vs. mistrust
- virtue: …
- ritualization: …
- ritualism: …
hope;
numinous;
idolism
stages of psychosocial development:
- autonomy vs shame and doubt
- virtue: …
- ritualization: …
- ritualism: …
will;
judicious;
legalism
stages of psychosocial development:
- initiative vs. guilt:
- virtue: …
- ritualization: …
- ritualism: …
purpose;
authenticity;
impersonation
stages of psychosocial development:
- industry vs inferiority:
- virtue: …
- ritualization: …
- ritualism: ..
competence;
formality;
formalism
stages of psychosocial development:
- identity vs. identity confusion:
- virtue: …
- ritualization: …
- ritualism: …
fidelity;
ideology;
totalism
stages of psychosocial development:
- intimacy vs. isolation:
- virtue: …
- ritualization: …
- ritualism: …
love;
affiliative;
elitism
stages of psychosocial development:
- generativity vs. stagnation
- virtue: …
- ritualization: …
- ritualism: …
care;
generational;
authoritism
stages of psychosocial development:
- integrity vs despair:
- virtue: …
- ritualization: …
- ritualism: …
wisdom;
integral;
sapientism
