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Psych of Personality > Exam 1 Txtbk Notes > Flashcards

Exam 1 Txtbk Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

viewed from the perspective that our personality is defined by what we appear to be, personality is the … of one’s character

A

visible aspect

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2
Q

personality is relatively … and …

personality can vary sometimes with the …

Personality is generally … to …

A

stable; predictable;

situation;

resistant; sudden changes

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3
Q

interactionist approach: agreeing that … and … personal traits, … aspects of the situation, and the interaction between them must all be considered in order to provide a full explanation for human nature

A

enduring;

stable;

changing

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4
Q

personality is an … and … of characteristics that may change in response to different situation

A

enduring; unique cluster

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5
Q
  • studies conducted in the US and in Germany found that social networking sites do convey … images or impressions of the personality profiles we offer.
  • researchers concluded that depictions of personalities presented online are at least … as those conveyed in …
A

accurate;

as accurate;

face-to-face interactions

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6
Q
  • A more recent large scale study in Germany found that many people have a tendency to present themselves online as being much more …. than they really are
  • other studies found that those who are introverted, neurotic, lonely and socially awkward find it … online than in person
  • people who feel they are able to express their true selves are … on social media than those who do not feel that way
A

emotionally stable;

easier to express their true selves (their real personalities);

more active

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7
Q

excessive use of selfies makes the sender less … and even reduce the … or … of friendships. They can reinforce the idea that … is more important than how they … in real life toward friends

A

likeable;

intimacy;

closeness;

how people look;

actually behave

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8
Q

use of online social networking sites can both … and … our personalities

A

shape; reflect

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9
Q
  • a study found that excessive internet use resulted in significaant levels of … and … when compared to teens who spent less time online
  • high levels of social medica use can reduce … and decrease the quality of relationships
  • excessive social media use is related to being more …, … and … in self esteem
A

anxiety; depression;

psychological well-being;

lonely; introverted; low

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10
Q
  • excessive online use has been shown to change portions of the brain that are linked to …. and increased …
A

depression;

irritability

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11
Q

studies in eastern and western cultures showing that those whoa re more … and … were more likely to use Fb than those who didn’t score high for those characteristics

A

extraverted;

narcisstic

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12
Q

some studies suggest that those who report high use of social networking tend to be more …, more open to …, lower in … and … skills, less … and lower in …. than those with lower levels of usage

A

extraverted;

new experiences;

self-esteem;

socialization;

usage

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13
Q

…: study of cultural forces on personality; has fostered a great deal of reaching supporting the concluson that personality is formed by both genetic and environmental influences

A

cross-cultural pscyhology

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14
Q

study of Japanese people who emigrated to the US vs those who stayed in Japan

  • those who moved became more … in their personalities

Chinese immigrants to Canda demonstrated the same … as the Hong Kong Chinese who didn’t immigrate. However, for those who lived in Canada at least 10 years and had greater exposure to Western culture scored significantly higher in … than more recent immigrants or Hong Kong subjects

A

“American”;

low level of introversion;

extraversion

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15
Q

… and … may also be related to cultural differences

  • Asian Americans reported more … in social situations than European-Americans

Westerners and Americans esp exhibit greater … and view themselves and their future more … than Asian cultures

A

anxiety; negative emotions;

negative emotions;

optimism;

positively

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16
Q

There are large-scale cultural differences in … and … which have been demonstrated in the field of … Using measures of …, researchers found differences in brain function between people in Eastern and Western cultures when responding to the same stimuli

A

brain activity;

genetic makeup;

cultural neuroscience;

brain wave activity

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17
Q

One study found brain wave activity of Japanese and Americans to differ in reaction to the same visual stimuli; the differences paralleled each culture’s measured level of … or …

A

submissiveness;

dominance

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18
Q

Research shows substantial cultural differences between East and West in the notion of … or …

There is also evidence that as Eastern cultures such as China modernize and become more Westernized, that cultural belief is …

A

fate attribution; destiny;

reduced

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19
Q

In an individualistic society, the focus is on …, …, and …

A

personal freedom;

choice;

action

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20
Q

In a collectivist society, the focus is on … and …, … and other cultural constraints on behavior

A

group norms; values;

group role expectations

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21
Q

people in individualistic cultures show greater …, …, …, … about their future and a belief in their ability to … and …

A

extraversion;

self-esteem;

happiness;

optimism;

control;

direct it

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22
Q

genetic differences between people in collectivistic versus individualistic cultures have been linked to … levels of anxiety and depression in collectivistic cultures and … levels in individualistic cultures

A

lower;

higher

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23
Q

In the individualistic culture of the US, parents tend to be …, …, and … in their child-rearing techniques.

In collectivist cultures, such as Asian and Arab societies, parental practices tend to be more …, …. and …

A

noncoercive; democratic; permissive;

authoritarian; restrictive; controlling

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24
Q

Researchers noticed that Arab adolescents follow their parent’s directions in all ares of life, such as … behavior, …, …, … and … attitudes

A

social;

interpersonal relationships;

marriage;

occupational preference;

political

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25
Q

… is defined as the tendency to promote onself aggressively and make one conspicuous. The opposite of that is …, which is more in agreement with cultural values of Asian societies

A

self-enhancement;

self-effacement

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26
Q

Researchers in various countries in Europe found that self-enhancers were rated by others as being …, …, and …

A

emotionally stable;

socially attractive;

socially influential

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27
Q

Much less research has been conducted on personality in … and … nations than in English speaking countries, or in many of the countries of Europe and Asia.

Another problem limiting the applicability of cross-cultural personality research is that the majority of studies in personality use … as subjects

A

African;

South American;

American college students

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28
Q

the best techniques of personality assessment adhere to the principles of … and …

A

reliability; validity

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29
Q

Reliability involves the … of response to an asssessment device.

validity refers to whether an assessment device measures …

A

consistency;

what it is intended to measure

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30
Q

Major approaches to personality assessment are:

  • … or …
  • … techniques
  • …
  • … procedures
  • … and … procedures
A

self-report;

objective inventories;

projective;

clinical interviews;

behavioral assessment;

thought; experience sampling

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31
Q

Self-report inventory or test approach involves asking people to … by answering questions about their … and … in various situations

Test-takers indicate how closely each statement on these tests describes themselves, or how much they … with each item

A

report on themselves;

behavior;

feelings;

agree;

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32
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

  • … test that consists of 567 statements
  • the test items cover:
    • … and … health
    • … and … attitudes
    • …, …., … and … factors
    • … and … behavior tendencies
A

true-false;

physical; psychological;

political; social;

educational; occupational; family; marital;

neurotic; psychotic

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33
Q

minnesota multiphasic personality inventory

  • The test’s clinical scales measure such personality characteristics as
    • …
    • …
    • …
    • …
    • …
    • …
    • …
A

gender role;

defensiveness;

depression;

hysteria;

paranoia;

hypochondriasis;

schizophrenia

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34
Q

minnesota multiphasic personality inventory

  • some items can be scored to determine if the test-taker is deliberately … or … or …
A

faking; careless;

misunderstood the instructions

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35
Q

minnesota multiphasic personality inventory

  • the … is used with adults in research on personality as a diagnostic tool for …, for … and for … and … counseling
  • the … is for use with adolescents
A

MMPI - 2;

assessing personality problems;

employee selection;

vocational; personal;

MMPI-A

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36
Q
  • Self-report inventories are not always appropriate for people whose level of intelligence is … or for those with limited …
  • even minor changes in the wording of the questions or the response alternatives on self-report measures can lead to … in the results
  • tendency for test takers to give answers that appear to be more …
A

below normal;

reading skills;

major changes;

socially desirable

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37
Q

self-report inventories remain the most … approach to personality assessment

A

objective

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38
Q

Advantages of computerized test administration:

  • it is less … for both the applicant and organizaiton
  • less …
  • scoring is more …
  • method is … by younger members of the workforce
  • it prevents test takers from … and it prevents them from … already given
A

time consuming;

expensive;

objective;

readily accepted;

looking ahead at questions;

changing answers

39
Q

It has been found that most people are more likely to reveal …, even … information when responding online to self-report inventories than to paper and pencil tests givne in person by a live test administrator.

  • many people feel a greater sense of .. and … when interacting with a computer and so reveal more personal information
A

sensitive;

embarrassing;

anonymity; privacy

40
Q

Projective tests are inspired by Freud’s emphasis on the importance of the …

  • these tests attempt to probe that portion of our personality
  • theory underlying projective techniques is that when we are presented with an ambiguous stimulus, like an inkblot or picture that can be interpreted in more than one way, we will project our …, … and … onto the stimulus when we’re asked to describe it
A

unconscious;

innermost needs;

fears;

values

41
Q

bc the interpretation of results of projective tests is so subjective, these tests are not high in … or …

A

reliability;

valdiity

42
Q

Rorschach inkblot test:

  • cards are shown one at a time and test takers are asked to …
  • cards are shown a second time and psychologist asks specific questions about …
  • examiner also observes … during the testing session, including the test-takers’ …, … to particular inkblots, and general …
A

describe what they see;

the earlier answers;

behavior;

gestures;

reactions;

attitude

43
Q

Thematic Apperception Test:

  • consists of 19 …, showing one or more persons, and 1 … card
    • pictures are vague about the events depicted and can be interpreted in different ways
  • people taking the test are asked to … about the people and objects in the picture, describing what led up to the situation shown, what the people are … and …, and what the … is likely to be
A

ambiguous pictures;

blank;

tell a story;

thinking; feeling;

outcome

44
Q

Thematic Apperception Test:

  • Psychologists consider several factors in interpreting these stories, including the kinds of … involved, the … of the characters, and the … with … shown by the characters
A

relationships;

motivations;

degree of contact; reality

45
Q

Thematic Apperception Test:

  • TAT’s reliability and validity are low when used for … purposes. But it’s useful for … purposes
  • scoring systems have been devised to measure specific aspects of personality such as:
    • needs for …, … and …
A

diagnostic;

research;

achievement; affiliation;

power

46
Q

… and … tests are additional projective technique that psychologists use to assess personality

A

word associatoin;

sentence completion

47
Q

Word association tests:

  • list of words is read one at a time to the subject, who is asked to respond to each with the first word that comes to mind
  • response words are analyzed for their … or …. nature, for their possible indication of … and for their relationship to …
  • … of response is considered important
A

commonplace;

unusual;

emotional tension;

sexual conflicts;

speed

48
Q

Sentence-completion tst:

  • subjects asked to finish sentences
    • some sentence completion tests provide for more … scoring
A

objective

49
Q

In addition to specific psych tests used to measure an individual’s personality assessment often includes …

  • psychologist can focus on problems indicated by … and explore those areas in detail
  • interpretation of interview material is … and can be affected by the interviewer’s … and …
A

clinical interview;

test results;

subjective;

theoretical orientation; personality

50
Q

in the behavioral assessment approach, an observer evaluates a person’s behavior in a given …

  • the better the observers know the people being assessed and the more frequently they interact with them, the more … their evaluations are likely to be
A

situation;

accurate

51
Q

thought-sampling approach to assessment - a person’s thoughts are … to provide a sample over a period of time

  • bc thoughts are private experiences and cannot be seen by anoyone else, the only person who can make this type of observation is the …
A

recorded systematically;

individual whose thoughts are being studied

52
Q

experience sampling method:

  • conducted much like thought sampling, but participants are also asked to describe the … and … context in which the experience being sampled occurs
  • the goal of this method is to determine how one’s thoughts or moods may be influenced by the …
A

social;

environmental;

context in which they occur

53
Q

women tend to score lower than men on tests measuring …, a difference that may result from … that traditionally teaches girls and young women in some cultures …

A

assertiveness;

sex-role training;

not to assert themselves

54
Q

Differential rates of diagnosis based on gender for various emotional disorders:

  • women are more often diagnosed with …, …, and related disorders than are men
    • can be legitimate difference or the differential rate may be related to … or … in interpreting the assessment results
A

depression;

anxiety;

gender bias;

gender stereotyping

55
Q
  • Average course of therapy for women tends to be … than that for men, and doses of psychoactive meds prescribed for women tend to be .. . than those for men
A

longer;

higher

56
Q

Asian Americans tend to view any form of mental disorder as a … condition that they are … to admit.

  • they are thus … to seek treatment from therapist/counselor for emotional problems
  • research consistently shows that asian americans, parituclary 1st gen immigrants, … mental health treatment services
A

shameful;

embarrassed;

less likely;

underutilize

57
Q

Asian americans tend to wait until their mental health disturbance is … before seeking help and …

Asian Americans are far less likely to take … as compared to Whites

A

severe;

less likely to benefit from it;

antidepressants

58
Q

black students scored significantly higher on items measuring a lack of … in other people, a …. of their …, and a tendency to be … with others

A

trust;

suspicion; motives;

on guard

59
Q
  • African-American college students who identified strongly with Black cultural values had lower levels of … and … than those without a strong cultural identification
  • black teenagers who scored high in perceived discrimination reported greater … and lower … and … than teens who scored low in perceived discrimination against them
A

depression;

hopelessness;

depression;

self-esteem;

life satisfaction

60
Q
  • Black college students rated Black therapists … than they did White therapists.
    • the students were also more … and … of the treatment options when they met with Black therpaists and were more likely to believe that the therapy would … them
A

more favorably;

accepting; understanding;

benefit

61
Q

Studies show that scores obtained on the … by people of Hispanic origin are similar to those obtained by Whites. With …, however, the situation is different

A

MMPI;

projective techniques

62
Q

hispanics are less likely than other minority groups to seek … or …

Among Hispanics who do seek counseling, half …

A

psychological counseling; treatment;

never follow up on their first visit

63
Q

… Hispanics are even less likely to use mental health services than Hispanics …

Hispanic adolescents who do seek mental health treatment are typically seen by clinicians for … than White adolescents

A

foreign-born;

born in the US;

shorter periods of time

64
Q

a study of mexican-american college students found that as they became more integrated in mainstream US culture, their attitudes toward counseling became …

One confounding factor is the shortage of … clinical psychologists and other mental health personnel

A

more favorable;

Spanish-speaking

65
Q

Asians tend to score:

  • high in …
  • low in individual … and …
  • low in … and …
  • low in the tendency to …
A

collectivism;

competitiveness; assertiveness;

self-enhancement; optimism;

seek mental health treatment

66
Q

African Americans tend to score:

  • low on … of other people
  • low on .. and … (if they identify with …)
  • high on …
  • low on … if they perceive …
A

trust;

hopelessness; depression; Black cultural values;

depression;

self-esteem; discrimination against them

67
Q

Hispanics tend to score:

  • low in tendency to …
  • high in …
  • high in … following …
A

seek mental health treatment;

collectivism;

PTSD symptoms; injuries

68
Q

… behavior: what we do and say in response to certain stimuli

A

overt

69
Q

the major methods used in personality research are the:

  • … method
  • … method
  • ….
  • … method

although different in their specifics, these methods depend in varying degrees on …

A

clinical;

experimental;

virtual research;

correlational;

objective observation

70
Q

the primary clinical method is the … or …, in which psychologists probe their patients’ past and present lives for clues to the source of their emotional problems;

A

case study;

case history

71
Q

it was through case studies that Freud developed his theory of personality, with its focus on … or … as causal factors in neurotic behavoir. Freud and later theorists who used the case study method searched for … and … in their patients’ lives. on the basis of what they perceived as … among the reports of their patients, these theorists generalized their findings to everyone.

A

sexual conflicts; traumas;

consistencies; patterns;

similarities

72
Q

Alburt Bandura designed an experiment in which children whose preexperiment levels of aggression had been measured were then exposed to the same display of …

children in the control group witnessed … in the same setting

both groups of children were watched by trained observers to see how they would behave. the results showed that those children in the experimental group behaved … while children in the control group showed …

A

adult aggression;

nonaggressive adults;

aggressively;

no change in aggressiveness

73
Q

some aspects of behavior and personality cannot be studied under rigorously controlled lab conditions bc of … and … considerations

another difficulty with the experimental mehtod is that the subjects’ behavior might change simply bc they know they are …

A

safety; ethical;

being observed

74
Q

when people know they are participating in an experiment, they sometimes try to … and behave in ways to either … or … the experimenter. this kind of response defeats the purpsoe of the experiment bc the resulting behavior (the dependent variable) has been influenced by the … rather than by the experimental treatment

A

guess the purpose;

please; frustrate;

subjects’ attitudes

75
Q

Studies conducted on the Web produce … responses, are less …, and have the potential to reach a … of subjects of different …, levels of …, …, …, … and …

Online research can assess a population far more diverse than that found on a typical college campus

A

faster;

costly;

broader range;

ages;

educatin;

employment;

income;

social class;

ethnic origin

76
Q

Web users tend to be .., more … and are better … than nonusers, thus limiting the chances that an online sample will be truly representative of the population as a whole.

Those not likely to be represented in online research include … adults, … people, … or …

A

younger;

affluent;

educated;

older;

low-income;

visually impaired;

non-English speakers

77
Q

Research conducted in Germany and the US found that people who failed to respond to an online survey were judged, on the basis of their personal Web sites, to be more … and .., less … and lower in … than those who did respond to the survey

A

introverted;

disagreeable;

open to new experiences;

self-esteem

78
Q

a study in which American college students were given the choice of participating in psychological research online or in person found that the more … chose to participate in person and the more … chose the online method

A

extraverted;

introverted

79
Q

a significant number of studies comparing online and traditional lab research methods show that the results are, in general, … and …

A

consistent;

similar

80
Q

in the correlational method, researchers investigate the … that exist among …

Rather than manipulating an independent variable, the experimenters deal with the variable’s …

A

relationships;

variables;

existing attributes

81
Q

researchers applying the correlational method are interested in the relationship between variables - in how behavior on one variable … or … as a funcftion of the other variable

the … and … of assessment devices are typically determined through the correlational method

A

changes;

differs;

reliability; validity

82
Q

the primary statistical measure of correlation is the …, which ranges from … (a … correlation) to … (a … correlation)

A

correlation coefficient;

+1.00; perfect positive

-1.00; perfect negative

83
Q

The closer the correlation coefficient is to +1 or -1, the … the relationship and the … we can make predictions about one variable from the other

Just bc two variables show a high correlation with each other, we cannot conclude that …

A

stronger;

more confidently;

one has caused the other

84
Q

a theory provides a framework for describing … data in a meaningful way. A theory represents and explains all the data in their interrelationships. It attempts to bring order to the data, to fit them into a …

Theories are sets of … used to explain a particular class of phenomena. If personality theories are to be useful, they must be …, capable of stimulating research on their various propositions

A

empirical;

meaningful pattern;

principles;

testable

85
Q

psychologists have long recognized that some personality theories have a … component, which may reflect … as a sort of disguised …

In order to understand a personality theory fully then, we should learn something about the …

A

subjective;

events in the theorist’s life;

autobiography;

life of the person who proposed it

86
Q

Perhaps the … influences what the theorist … and chooses to …

A

theory;

remembers;

tell us about their lives

(this is suggesting that maybe it’s not the person’s life experiences that influence the development of the theory and that maybe it’s the other way around)

87
Q

free will vs. determinism

  • some personality theorists take extreme positions
  • others express more moderate views, arguing that some behaviors are determined by … and some can be … and …
A

past events;

spontaneous;

under our control

88
Q

nature vs. nurture

  • many theorists assume that personality is shaped by both sets of forces
  • to some, … is the predominant influence and … of minor importance; others hold the opposite view
A

inheritance;

environment

89
Q

are we dependent/independnet of our childhood? –> involves the relative … of our early childhood experiences, compared with events that occur later in life. which is the more powerful …?

  • …: the view that personality is basically fixe din the early years of life and subject to little change thereafter
A

importance;

shaper of personality;

historical determinism

90
Q

is human nature unique or universal

  • we may think of personality as so individual that each person’s action, each utterance, has no … or … in any other person
  • other positions allow for uniqueness but interpret this within overall … accepted as …, at least within a given culture
A

counterpart;

equivalent;

patterns of behavior;

universal

91
Q

our life goals: satisfaction or growth?

  • some theorists believe that people are little more than …, … animals
  • others consider us to be motivated primarily by the need to …, to realize our … and to reach for ever-higher levels of …, …, and …
A

tension-reducing;

pleasure-seeking;

grow;

full potential;

self-actualization;

development;

fulfillment

92
Q

optimism or pessimism?

  • some theorists’ views of the human personality are more … and …, depicting us as …, … and socially …
  • other theorists find few of these qualities in human beings, either individually or collectively
A

positive;

hopeful;

humanitarian;

altruistic;

conscious;

93
Q
A

Psych of Personality (12 decks)

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