Chapter 4 Flashcards
Adler called his approach … because it focused on the uniqueness of each person and denied the universality of biological motives and goals ascribed to us by Sigmund Freud.
In Adler’s view, each of us is primarily a … being. Our personalities are shaped by our unique … and …
individual psychology;
social;
social environments;
interactions
Unlike Freud, who saw sex as being of primary importance in shaping our personalities, Adler … To Adler, the …, not the …, was at the core of personality
minimized the role of sex;
conscious;
unconscious
Adler was … by his mother initially, but then was suddenly … at the age of 2 by the arrival of another baaby.
Adler had no use for the Freudian concept of the … because it was so foreign to his childhood experiences.
Adler was always jealous of his older brother, who was vigorous and … and could engage in the physical activities and sports in which Alfred could not take part
pampered;
dethroned;
Oedipus complex;
healthy
Alfred had rickets but resolved to work hard to overcome his feelings of … and to compensate for his physical limitations
Adler emphasized the importance of the … and suggested that childhood relationships with … and with … were much more significant than Freud believed
inferiority;
peer group;
siblings;
children outside of family
Adler was never a …/… of Freud’s and was not … by him
student/disciple;
psychoanalyzed
Adler believed that … are a constant motivating force in all behavior
Adler proposed that these feelings are the source of all human striving. Individual growth results from …, from our attempts to … our real/imagined …
inferiority feelings;
compensation;
overcome;
inferiorities
Adler believed that infants are aware of their parents’ greater … and … and of their own hopelessness to … or … that power. As a result, infants develop feelings of … relative to the larger, stronger people around them
power;
strength;
resist;
challenge;
inferiority
Although this initial experience of inferiority applies to everyone in infancy, it is not … determined. Rather, it is a function of the …, which is the same for all infants, a climate of … and …
genetically;
environment;
helplessness;
dependence on adults
Inferiority feelings are inescapable, but more important they are necessary because they provide the motivation for us to … and …
strive;
grow
An inability to overcome inferioriy feelings … them, leading to the development of an … People with this have a poor opinion of themselves and feel … and unable to …
intensifies;
inferiority complex;
helpless;
cope with the demands of life
An inferiority complex can arise from three sources in childhood: …, …., and …
organic inferiority;
spoiling;
neglect
Inferiority Complex:
- Adler argued that defective parts/organs of the body shape personality through the person’s efforts to … for the defect or weakness
- efforts to overcome organic inferiority can result in striking …, … and … accomplishments, but if those efforts fail, they can lead to an …
compensate;
artistic;
athletic;
social;
inferiority complex
Inferiority Complex:
- The first experience at school, where spoiled children are no longer the focus of attention, comes as a shock for which they are unprepared. Spoiled children have little … and are … with others
- When confronted with obstacles to gratificaiton, spoiled children come to believe that they must have some … that is thwarting them; hence, an … develops
social feeling;
impatient;
personal deficiency;
inferiority complex
Inferiority Complex:
- For neglected children, their infancy and childhood are characterized by a lack of … and … bc their parents are … or …
- As a result, these children develop feelings of …, or even … and view others with …
love;
security;
indifferent;
hostile;
worthlessness;
anger;
distrust
Inferiority Complex:
- whatever the source of the complex, a person may attempt to overcompensate and so develop what Adler called a … This involves an exaggerated opinion of one’s abilities and accomplishments
- Such persons may feel inwardly … and … and show no need to … with actual accomplishments. Or the person may feel such a need and work hard to become extremely successful
superiority complex;
self-satisfied;
superior;
demonstrate their superiority
Inferiority Complex:
- In both cases, persons with a superiority complex are given to …, …, … and a tendency to … others
boasting;
vanity;
self-centeredness;
denigrate
At first, Adler identified inferiority with a general feeling of weakness or of …, in recognition of the inferior standing of … in the society of his day. He spoke of trying to compensate for this feeling as the …
Later he rejected the idea of equating inferiority feelings with … and developed a broader viewpoint in which we strive for …, or ….
feminity;
women;
masculine protest;
feminity;
superiority;
perfection
Adler suggested that we strive for superiority in an effort to … to make ourselves … or …
perfect;
complete;
whole
Adler suggested that we strive for superiority in an effort to perfect ourselves, to make ourselves complete or whole.
This innate goal, the drive toward wholeness or completion, is oriented toward the … Whereas Freud proposed that human behavior is determined by the … (that is, by the instincts and by our childhood experiences), Adler saw human motivation in terms of … and …
future;
past;
expectations;
aspirations for the future
Adler applied the term … to the idea that we have an ultimate goal, a final state of being, and a need to move toward it. The goals for which we strive, however, are …, not …
Adler believed that our goals are … or … that cannot be …
finalism;
potentialities;
actualities;
fictional;
imagined ideals;
tested against reality
Fictional finalism: the notion that … guide our behavior as we strive toward a …/… state of being.
- We direct the course of our lives by many such fictions, but the most pervasive one is the ideal of …
fictional ideas;
complete; whole;
perfection
Fictional finalism
- ideal of perfection –> Adler suggested that the best formulation of this ideal developed by human beings so far is the concept of …
Adler preferred the terms … or … to describe the concept of fictional finalism
God;
subjective final goal;
guiding self-ideal
Striving for superiority:
- It increases rather than reduces …
- Unlike Freud, Adler did not believe that our sole motivation was to ….
- Striving for perfection requires great expenditures of energy/effort, a condition quite different from … or a … state
tension;
reduce tension;
equilibrium;
tension-free
Striving for superiority:
- striving for superiority is manifested both by the … and by … as a whole. Most of us are social beings. We strive for superiority or perfection not only as individuals but also as members of …
individual;
society;
a group
style of life: a unique …. or pattern of … and … by which each of us strives for .. Basic styles of life include the …, …, … and … types
character structure;
personal behaviors;
characteristics;
perfection;
dominant;
getting;
avoiding;
socially useful
Infants are afflicted with inferiority feelings that motivate them to compensate for … and … In these attempts at compensation, they acquire a …
helplessness;
dependency;
set of behaviors
Everything we do is shaped and defined by our unique style of life. It determines which aspects of our environment we … or … and what … we hold.
The style of life is learned from … and is so firmly crystallized by the age of … or … that it is difficult to change thereafer
attent to;
ignore;
attitudes;
social interactions;
4;
5
The style of life thus becomes the guiding framework for all of our later behavior. Its nature depends on …, esp the person’s … within the family and the nature of the … relationship
social interactions;
order of birth;
parent-child
…: the ability to create an appropriate style of life
Adler that we create our …, our …, our ..; these are all terms Adler used interchangeably with style of life
creative power of the self;
selves;
personality;
character
Adler believed that we create our selves, our personality, our character; these are all terms Adler used interchangeably with style of life. We are not passively shaped by our childhood experiences.
Those experiences themselves are not as important as our … toward them. Adler argued that neither … nor … provides a complete explanation for personality development. Instead, the way we … and … these influences forms the basis for the creative construction of our attitude toward life
conscious attitude;
heredity;
environment;
perceive;
interpret
Adler believed in the existence of … that allows each of us to create an appropriate style of life from the abilities and experiences given us by both our … and our …
Once created, however, the style of life remains …
individual free will;
genetic endowment;
social environment;
constant throughout life
Adler described several universal problems and grouped them into three categories: problems involving …; problems of …; problems of …
our behavior toward others;
occupation;
love
Adler described several universal problems and grouped them into 3 categories: problems involving our behavior toward others; problems of occupation; problems of love.
Further, he proposed four basic styles of life for dealing with these problems: the … type, the … type, the … type, and the … type
dominant;
getting;
avoiding;
socially useful
Four Basic Styles of Life:
- The dominant types displays a … or … attitude with little … Such a person behaves without any regard for …
dominant;
ruling;
social awareness;
other people
Four Basic Styles of Life:
- The getting type (to Adler, the … human type) expects to receive … from other people and so becomes … on them
- The avoiding type makes no attempt to … By avoiding difficulties, the person avoids any possibility of …
most common;
satisfaction;
dependent;
face life’s problems;
failure
Four Basic Styles of Life:
- These three types (dominant, getting, and avoiding) are not prepared to cope with the problems of everyday life and the clash between their style of life and the real world results in … behavior, which is manifested in … and … They lack what Adler came to call …
abnormal;
neuroses;
psychoses;
social interest
Four Basic Styles of Life:
- The socially useful type, in contrast, … with others and acts in accordance with …
- Such persons cope with problems within a well-developed framework of …
cooperates;
their needs;
social interest
Adler believed that … is the first task we encounter in life.
Our level of ability to get along with other people becomes part of our style of life, and therefore influences how well or poorly we will deal with all of life’s problems. He described this as the concept of social interest, which is the individual’s … to … with other people in order to achieve … and …
getting along with others;
innate potential;
cooperate;
personal;
societal goals
The potential for social interest is … However the extent to which this potential is developed depends on our …
Adler believed that people a fundamental need to … in order to be healthy, well functioning individuals
innate;
early social experiences;
belong
Through her behavior toward the child, the mother can either … or thwart its development. Adler believed that the mother’s role was vital in developing the child’s … as well as all other aspects of the personality.
The mother must teach the child …, … and …
foster social interest;
social interest;
cooperation;
companionship;
courage
Adler believed that a host of evils ranging from war to racial hatred to public drunkenness stemmed from a …
lack of community feeling
Early in his career, Adler suggested that people were driven by a … and a need to …
After he broke with Freud and achieved recognition for his own work, he changed and said that people are motivated more by … than those needs listed above
lust for power;
dominate;
social interest
First-borns typically receive their parents’ … and … As a result, first-borns have a very happy and secure existence, until …
instant; undivided attention;
the second-born child appears
The affection and attention first borns received during their reign will now have to be shared with the new baby.
They will try to recapture their former position of … and …
The first-born’s battle regain … in the family is lost from the beginning, however
power;
privilege;
supremacy
Adler believed all first-borns feel the shock of their changed status in the family, but that those who have been excessively … feel a greater loss. Having once learned the advantages of …., they remain concerned with it throughout life. They can exercise it over younger siblings, but at the same time they are more subject to … because more is expected of them
pampered;
power;
the power of their parents
First-born children:
- As the children age, the first born often has to play the role of teacher, tutor, leader and disciplinarian, expected by parents to help care for younger siblings. These experiences often enable the first born to … to a higher degree than the younger children
- Adler believed that first borns also take an unusual interest in maintaining … and …
mature intellectually;
order;
authority
First-born children:
- Adler believed that first-borns also take an unusual interest in maintaining order and authority. They become good …, conscientious and scrupulous about …, … and … in attitude
organizers;
detail;
authoritarian;
conservative
First-born children:
- First-borns may also grow up to feel … and … toward others.
- Adler believed that …, … and … were often first-borns
insecure;
hostile;
neurotics;
perverts;
criminals
Second-born child:
- even if another child is brought into the family, second borns do not suffer the sense of … felt by the first-borns
- from the beginning, second borns have a … in the older sibling
- The second child always has the example of the older child’s behavior as a …, a … or a source of …
dethronement;
pacesetter;
model;
threat;
competition
Competition with the first-born may serve to … the second-born, who may try to catch up and … the older sibling, a goal that spurs … and … in the second-born
motivate;
surpass;
language; motor development
Second-born child:
- not having experienced power, second borns are not as concerned with it. They are more … about the future and are likely to be … and …
optimistic;
competitive;
ambitious
Second Born child:
- second borns may feel that they can never … the first borns and may … In this case, … would not become part of the second borns’ lifestyles, and they may become …
surpass;
give up trying;
competitiveness;
underachievers
Driven by the need to surpass older siblings, youngest children often develop at a … Last borns are often … in whatever work they undertake as adults.
The opposite can occur, however, if the youngest children are excessively … and come to believe they needn’t learn to … As they grow older, such children may retain the … and … of childhood
remarkably fast rate;
high achievers;
pampered;
do anything for themselves;
helplessness;
dependency
Only child:
- spending more time in the company of adults than a child with siblings, only children often … early and manifest adult … and …
- Only children may experience problems when they find that in areas of life outside the home, such as school, they are not the …
mature;
behaviors;
attitudes;
center of attention;
Only child:
- Only children have learned neither to … nor to … If their abilities do not bring them sufficient … and …, they are likely to feel keenly disappointed.
share;
compete;
recognition;
attention
Birth order:
- Adler was not proposing firm rules of childhood development. Adler was suggesting the likelihood that certain … will develop as a function of order of birth combined with one’s … The creative self in constructing the style of life uses both influences
styles of life;
early social interactions
Adler’s system provides a …, … image of human nature that is the antithesis of Freud’s dreary, pessimistic view
Adler’s image of human nature is optimistic in his belief that people are not driven by … We possess the … to shape the social forces that influence us and to use them creatively to construct a unique style of life
hopeful;
flattering;
unconscious forces;
free will
Adler’s view of human nature:
- We possess the free will to shape the social forces that influence us and to use them creatively to construct a unique style of life. Freud’s system, in contrast, offered a depressing … and … in human nature
- Although Adler argued that some aspects of human nature are innate - for example, the potential for social interest and striving for perfection - it is … that determines how these inherited tendencies will be realized
- Adler believed in the … of the individual and was optimistic about …
universality;
sameness;
experience;
creative power;
social progress
Adler developed his theory by analyzing his patients; that is, by evaluating their … and … during therapy sessions
Adler like to use humor in his therapy
Adler assessed the personalities of his patients by …
verbalizations;
behavior;
observing everything about them
Adler suggested that the way we … indicates something of our style of life. even the position in which we … is revealing
use our bodies;
sleep
According to adler, restless sleepers and those who sleep flat on their back want to seem more … than they are.
sleeping on one’s stomach shows a … and … personality
curling in the fetal position shows that the person is fearful of …
sleeping with the arms outstretched reveals a need to be … and …
important;
stubborn; negative;
interacting with others;
nurtured; supported
Adler’s primary methods of assessment, which he referred to as the … to mental life, are …, … and …
entrance gates;
order of birth;
early recollections;
dream analysis
Adler’s purpose in assessing personality was to discover the patient’s … and to determine whether it was the most appropriate one for that person
style of life
According to Adler, our personality is created during the .. of life
Our …, our memories from that period, indicate the style of life that continues to characterize us as adults
Adler found that it made little difference whether his clients’ early recollections were of real events or were fantasies
first 4 or 5 years;
early recollections;
Although Adler believed that each early memory should be interpreted within the … he found commonalities among them.
- He suggested that memories involving danger or punishment indicated a tendency toward …
- Those concerning the birth of a sibling showed a continued sense of …
- Memories that focused on one parent showed a … for that parent
- Recollections of improper behavior … any attempt to repeat the behavior
context of the patient’s style of life;
hostility;
dethronement;
preference;
warned against
Adler did not believe that dreams … or … Rather, dreams involve our feelings about a … and what we …
fulfill wishes;
reveal hidden conflicts;
current problem;
intend to do about it
in the fantasies of our dreams (both night dreams and daydreams), we believe we can surmount the most difficult obstacle or simplify the most complex problem. Thus, dreams are oriented toward the … and … not toward conflicts from the past
Adler believed that dreams should never be interpreted without knowledge of the … and his/her … The dream is a manifestation of a person’s … and so is … to the individual
present;
future;
person;
situation;
style of life;
unique
According to Adler, a dream of falling indicates that the person’s …. involves a demotion or loss, such as the fear of losing … or …
A flying dream indicates a sense of …, an … style of life in which the person desires to be …/… than others
emotional view;
self-esteem;
prestige;
striving upward;
ambitious;
above; better
Dreams that combine flying and falling involve a fear of being too … and thus …
A dream of being chased suggests a feeling of weakness in relation to …
Dreaming one is naked indicates a fear of …
ambitious;
failing;
other people;
giving oneself away
Adler had no desire to use psychological tests to assess perosnality. He argued that tests create … that provide … results. Instead of relying on tests, Adler thought theraapists should develop their … He did, however, support tests of memory and intelligence; it was tests of personality he criticized
artifical situations;
ambiguous results;
intuition
psychologists have developed tests to measure Adler’s concepts of social interest and style of life
the … consists of pairs of adjectives. subjects choose the word ine ach pair that best describes an attribute they would like to possess
the … is a self-report inventory in which subjects judge the degree to which statements represent themselves of their personal characteristics
Social Interest Scale (SIS);
Social Interest Index (SII)
People who score high on the SII, indicating a high degree of social interest, tend to be highin :
…
…
… with others
… and
…
friendliness;
empathy;
cooperation;
tolerance;
independence
Peopel who score high on the SII have been found to be lower in:
…
…
…
…
anxiety;
hostility;
depression;
neuroticism
The … is a 65 item self report inventory designed to assess lifestyle as well as degree of social interest. the five personality dimensions measured are:
…
…
…
wanting …
being …
Basic Adlerian Scales for Interpersonal Success (BASIS-A);
social interest;
going along;
taking charge;
recognition;
cautious
Adler’s primary research method was the …
His observations cannot be repeated and duplicated, nor were they conducted in a controlled and systematic fashion. Adler did not attempt to verify the … of his patients’ reports or explain the procedures he used to analyze the data, and he had no interest in applying the …
case study;
accuracy;
experimental method
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- Adler’s belief that dreams help us solve current problems was investigated by exposing subjects to situations in which the failure to solve a puzzle was considered a threat to the personality
- They were then allowed to sleep
- Some were permitted to dream but were awakened during NREM sleep. Others were awakened during REM so that they could not dream.
- Those who dreamed later … significantly more of the uncompleted puzzle than those who did not dream
recalled
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- In another study, the dreams of two groups were reported. on e group consisted of college students were anticipating a stressful pschotherapy session. the other group consisted of patients about to undergo major surgery. both groups recalled dreams that focused on their …, … and … They dreamed about the current problems they were facing
conscious worries;
fears;
hopes
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- Research has found that adults who scored low on inferiority feelings tended to be more … and … and more … in trying to achieve their goals than adults who scored high on inferiority feelings.
- A study of American college students showed that those with moderate inferiority feelings had … than those with low or high inferioirty feelings
successful;
self-confident;
persistent;
higher grade point averages
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- Rsearch on teenagers and young adults in China showed that they felt inferior about different aspects of their life at different ages. Younger teens experienced inferiority feelings about …; older teens had inferiority feelings about … College students reported inferiority feelings about their …
poor grades;
physical attractiveness;
lack of social skills
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- Early memories of people diagnosed as anxiety neurotics were concerned with …
- early memories of depressed persons centered on …
- early memoreis of those with psychosomatic complaints involved …
- early memories of alcoholics contained …events as well as situations in which they were controlled by … rather than by …
fear;
abandonment;
illness;
threatening;
external circumstances;
their own decisions
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- A study of police officers in the US found that those who had traumatic early recollections experienced more prounounced symptoms of … than those who did not have those kinds of early memories
- Early recollections of adult criminals dealt with … or … interactions with other people. They contained more … events than the early recollections of a control group
post-traumatic stress disorder;
disturbing;
aggressive;
unpleasant
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- The early memories of adolescent delinquents involved …, having difficulty forming … and being unable … on their own. They also perceived their parents as … and as more likely to … than …
breaking rules;
social relationships;
cope with life;
untrustworthy;
hurt; help
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- recollections of psychiatric patients considered dangerous to themselves and to others showed more … early memories than did recollections of non-dangerous psychiatric patients
aggressive
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- research using objective scoring systems for early recollections has shown that these memories tend to be … rather than events that …
- one study reported that when people were asked to make up early recollections that might have happened to someone else, the themes were similar to those …
- This study also provided research support for Adler’s contention that early recollections reveal one’s … and therefore can be used as a therapeutic device
subjective recreations;
actually occurred;
revealed by their own recollections;
current style of life
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- early recollections studied in adults in the US and in Israel have been shown to predict …
- The early memories of physicists mathematicians and pscyhologists included themes such as …, …. and … about info from authority figures
career preferences;
curiosity;
independent thought;
skepticism
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- Adler suggested that children who were neglected or rejected by their parents developed feelings of …
- A study of adults hospitalized for depression found that the patients rated their parents as having been …, … and …
- interviews with siblings, relatives, and friends of the patients confirmed this
worthlessness;
hostile;
detached;
rejecting
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- in a study, parents of eight year old children completed a questionnaire to assess their child rearing behaviors and their level of satisfaction with their children
- 10 yrs later the chidlren, then age 18, were given the depression scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Those whose test scores showed they were more depressed had been … by their parents. Those whose parents had not been indifferent or unloving scored … on the depression scale
neglected in childhood;
lower
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- more recent research has found that neglected children have also been found to experience more …, … , symptoms of … and lower … skills than children who were not neglected
shame;
depression;
PTSD;
socialization
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- children and adolescents in China who experienced neglect were far more likely to develop … than those who were not neglected
- neglected children may also be more prone to acts of … and … later in life
high anxiety;
violence;
excessive alcohol use
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- Adler argued that pampering in childhood could lead to a pampered style of life in which the person shows little or no … Research supports this idea and also suggests that pampering can lead to …, which involves a lack of responsibility or empathy for other people, as well as an exaggerated sense of …, and a tendency to … Studies have identified four types of pampering
social feelings for others;
excessive narcissism;
self-importance;
exploit others
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- studies have identified four types of pampering
- overindulgence: involves the persistent parental … of a child’s needs and desires, leading to feelings of … as well as … and .. behavior
gratification;
entitlement;
tyrannical;
manipulative
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- Studies have identified four types of pampering:
- overpermissiveness:
- involves allowing children to .. with no consideration for the effects of their behavior on …, leading to a …. and the … of others
- overpermissiveness:
behave as they please;
other people;
disregard of social rules;
rights
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- Studies have identified four types of pampering
- overdomination:
- involves exclusive …, leading to a child’s lack of … and a tendency to become … on others in adulthood
- overdomination:
parental decision-making;
self-confidence;
dependent
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- Studies have identified four types of pampering:
- overprotection: which involves parental …, excessively warning children of … in their enviro, leading to … and a tendency to …/… from social situations
caution;
potential dangers;
generalized anxiety;
avoid/hide
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- studies with college students found that children of over-domineering mothers were more likely to seek … while in college.
- students who rated their parents as both overindulgent and overprotective tended to be low in …
- students whose parents were cosnidered to be overindulgent and over-domineering scored high in …
psychotherapy;
self-esteem;
narcissism
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- Research using the SIS found that those high in social interested reported less …, …, … and … than those low in social interest
stress;
depression;
anxiety;
hostility
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- High social interest scorers scored higher on tests assessing … with others, …, … and …
- Research with college students found that those high in social interest scored high in … and …
cooperation;
empathy;
responsibility;
popularity;
spirituality;
religiosity
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- other studies in the US and China showed that those high in social interest were also high in …, … and …, …, …, … and a strong sense of … in life
subjective well-being;
hope;
optimism;
agreeableness;
self-identity;
self-determination;
purpose
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- a study of hs adolescents in grades 9-12 found that those high in social interest scored significantly higher in overall …, as well as satisfaction with … and … than did those who scored low in social interest
life satisfaction;
friends;
family;
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- Other research, conducted with male criminal offenders ranging in age from 18 to 40, showed that those who scored high in social interest were far less likely to … following their release from jail than those who scored low in social interest
- juvenile delinquents scored … on social interest than did those who were not identified as delinquents
- Studies with the SII showed that women whos cored high in social interest were significantly higher in …, a characteristic of the healthy personality described by maslow.
commit additional crimes;
lower;
self-actualization
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- other research found that social interest was higher in … than in … and that it … with age for both sexes
women;
men;
increased
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- a study of latino men and women living in the US found that those who were … to both cultures scored higher on social interest measures than those primarily acculturated to only the Latino or the US lifestyle
- People who scored high in social interested tended to have stronger …, fewer …, lower … and greater …
well-adjusted;
immune systems;
colds;
BP;
subjective well-being
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- in one survey of 200 birth order studies the authors concluded that first borns had higher … and … levels and were more likely to become accountants, lawyers, architects, surgeons, college professors, or astronauts. Later borns on the other hand, were more likely to become firefighters, hs teachers, musicians, photographers, social workers, or stuntsmen
success;
achievement
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- studies of nearly 20,000 people in England, Scotland, and Wales, and some 3500 people int he US found that the number of older brothers a man had could predict his sexual orientation.
- boys with older brothers were … sexually attracted to men than boys who did not have older brothers. The greater number of older brothers a man had, the … Having older sisters did not appear to predict sexual orientation in women
- Birth order can also affect our choice of … First borns are more likely to associate with other first borns, second borns with other second borns, and so on. Only children tend to associate with other only children. These preferences held for frienships as well as for …
more;
greater the attraction to the same sex;
friends;
romantic relationships
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- a study in finland found that the behavior and characteristics of first borns can influence whether the parents decided to have other children, within 5 yrs of the birth of the first. parents whose first child showed …, few … and the ability to … were more likely to have additional children
high intelligence;
behavior problems;
adapt to new situations
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- according to adler, first borns are concerned with power and authority. one way for them to gain power and authority as adults is through … in their work. in many areas, from college attendance to high level management, first borns are over represented relative to their proportion of the population. more first borns than later borns become …, and they tend to attain greater … in academic settings and greater … and … in their careers
achievement in their work;
eminent;
intellectual achievement;
power;
prestige
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- studies in the US and in Poland found that first borns scored higher on measures of …, completed more years of …, and worked in more … occupations than later borns
intelligence;
formal education;
prestigious
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- Research on adults in Sweden showed that first borns scored higher than later borns on tests of … or … functioning
- a study of more than 240,000 male army recruits in Norwary showed that older siblings scored higher on … tests than younger siblings
- British research has found that first borns are far less likely to suffer from PTSD than those whoa re the fifth child or younger in large families. The later borns were found to be more subject to … and … disorders. These research results in general are supportive than Adler’s views
managerial;
executive;
IQ;
stress;
adjustment
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- The IQ scores of 400,000 European men were analyzed with respect to birth order. The results showed that first borns had … than second borns, second borns also had higher scores than third borns, and so on.
- a possible explanation relates not to genetic differences but to the first born’s exclusive exposure to … Consequently first borns may have a more stimulating … than later borns
higher IQs;
adults;
intellectual environment
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- Although first borns may be more intelligent than later borns, they do not always … Studies of US hs students confirm that first borns have … but later borns tend to … and achieve …
earn higher grades in school;
higher IQs;
work harder;
higher GPAs
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- first borns tend to be more … and … on other people. they are … in stressful situations and have a higher need for …
suggestible;
dependent;
anxious;
social relationships
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- Other research found that first borns scored lower than later borns on tests of … and … and higher on …
- first borns may also be more … and …
- however, later research in the Netherlands found the opposite: later borns were more extraverted in that they were more … and …
depression;
anxiety;
self esteem;
extraverted;
conscientious;
dominant;
assertive
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- first born girls were found to be more … and … than later borns and to feel … to their parents
obedient;
socially responsible;
closer
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- studies in france, croatia, canada and england showed that first borns were more closely … in childhood, rated by their mothers as less …, reported more … and scored higher on measures of … in college
supervised;
fearful;
frightening childhood dreams;
dominance
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- a study of first born and second born siblings, conducted over 3 yrs, found that the attitudes, personalities and leisure activities of second born children were influenced more by their … than by their …
- research on major league baseball players found that those who were younger brothers were 10 times more likely than older brothers to attempt the … action of stealing bases during a game. they also had … than those who were older brothers
older siblings;
parents;
high-risk;
higher batting averages
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- according to adler’s theory, then, more last borns than early borns would become … This prediction has been supported by considerable research dealing with the subject. … in college has been found to be significantly higher among last borns than first borns. Other research suggests that last borns may feel a greater degree of … with their siblings than first borns do
alcoholics;
binge drinking;
academic rivalry
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- to adler, only born adults are overly concerned with being the center of attention as they were in childhood. he also considered only-borns to be more …
- Research has not consistently supported this ^ notion. one study found that only children were more … than first borns or last borns. another study found that they were more … and less… than were children reared with siblings
selfish;
cooperative;
self-centered;
popular
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- an analysis of 115 studies of only borns reported higher levels of … and … and comparable … and .. adjustment with people who have siblings
- Later research confirmed those results and reported that only chidlren had greater …, …, … and …
achievement;
intelligence;
social; emotional;
initiative;
aspiration;
industriousness;
self esteem
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- Only children have been found to be strongly motivated toward … and to score high in … and … skills
- an analysis of several studies shows that the number of siblings in a family is a consistent predictor of …; people with fewer siblings do …
- only borns may also have more … opportunities and …, enabling them to perform in this way
achievement;
confidence;
organizational;
educational success;
perform better in school;
educational;
parental resources
Research on Adler’s Theories:
- believers in birth order effects, one study suggests, score significantly lower in being … and significantly higher in … than those who do not believe in differential effects of their order of birth
open to new experiences;
neuroticism
It was Adler who proposed the … more than 12 yrs before Freud included aggression with sex as primary motivating forces.
The neo-Freudian ego psychs, who focus more on … and rational processes and less on the unconscious, follow Adler’s lead rather than Freud’s
aggressive drive;
conscious
Adler disputed Freud’s views on women, arguing that there was no …, such as penis envy, for women’s alleged sense of inferiority. Such a notion, Adler charged, was a myth invented by men to maintain their alleged sense of … He acknowledged that women may feel inferior but believed that was due to … and …
He also believed in the idea of … for the sexes and supported the women’s emancipation movements of the day
biological basis;
superiority;
social conditioning;
sex-role stereotyping;
equality
specific adlerian concepts of lasting importance to psych include the early work on …, which has influenced the study of … disorders; the …; … and …
Adler is also considered a forerunner of … and …
organic inferiority;
psychosomatic;
inferiority complex;
compensation;
order of birth;
social psychology;
group therapy
Freud charged that Adler’s psych was … and would appeal to many people bc it eliminated the complicated nature of the …, had no difficult concepts and ignored the problems of …
oversimplified;
unconscious;
sex
A related charge is that Adler’s concepts appear to rely heavily on … from everyday life
Critics allege that Adler was … and … in his thinking and that his theory contains gaps and unanswered questions
commonsense observations;
inconsistent;
unsystematic
Adler’s concept of the creative self proposes that before the age of 5, we fashion of life using material provided by our … and our … However, it is not clear how a child is able to make such momentous decisions
heredity;
environment
