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Psych of Personality > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Trained in the Freudian tradition by …, Erikson developed an approach to personality that broadened the scope of Freud’s work while maintaining its core

A

Freud’s daughter Anna.

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2
Q

Erikson extended Freud’s theory in three ways:

  1. He elaborated on Freud’s stages of development, suggesting that personality …
  2. He placed greater emphasis on the … than on the … In Erikson’s view, the ego is an … part of the personality. It is not … or …, as Freud had said
  3. He recognized the impact on personality of … and … forces. He argued that we are not governed entirely by innate biological factors at work in childhood. Although they are important, they do no provide a complete explanation of personality
A

continues to develop over the entire life span;

ego;

id;

independent;

dependent on; subservient to the id;

cultural;

historical

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3
Q

Anna Freud, unlike her father, was interested in the psychoanalysis of children. Her influence, plus Erikson’s own classroom teaching experiences, made him aware of the importance of … on personality and led him to also focus on …

A

social influences;

child development

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4
Q

Erikson established a private psychoanalytic practice specializing in the treatment of … He also worked at a guidance center for …

A

children;

emotionally disturbed delinquents

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5
Q

Erikson and a Yale anthropologist collaborated on a study of the child rearing pracices of South Dakota’s Sioux Indians. The research reinforced his belief int he influence of … on childhood.

Unlike many psychoanalysts, Erikson wanted his clinical experience to be as … as possible, so he looked for patients from … and saw those he considered … as well as those who were emotionally disturbed

A

culture;

broad;

diverse cultures;

normal

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6
Q

In his observations of American Indians in South Dakota and in California, Erikson noted certain psychological symptoms that could not be explained by orthodox Freudian theory. The. symptoms appeared to be related to a sense of alienation from cultural traditions and resulted in the lack of a clear … or … This phenomenon, which Erikson initially called …, was similar to the condition he had observed among emotionally disturbed veterans after WWII.

Erikson suggested that those men were not suffereing from repressed conflicts but rather from … brought about by traumatic war experiences and by being temporarily uprooted from their … He had described the veterans’s ituation as a … about whom and what they were

A

self-image;

self-identity;

identity confusion;

confusion;

culture;

confusion of identity

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7
Q

Erikson divided the growth of the personality into eight … The first four are similar to Freud’s oral, anal, phallic and latency stages. The major difference between their theories is that Erikson emphasized …, whereas Freud focused on … factors

A

psychosocial stages;

psychosocial correlates;

biological

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8
Q

Erikson suggested that the developmental process was governed by what he called the … By this he meant that … forces are the determining characteristics of the developmental stages. Development depends on … factors

A

epigenetic principle of maturation;

inherited;

genetic

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9
Q

Erikson stated that development depends on genetic factors. However, it is the … and … forces to which we are exposed that control the ways in which the genetically determined stages of development are … Thus, our personality development is affected by both … and … factors

A

social;

environmental;

realized;

biological;

social

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10
Q

In Erikson’s theory, human development involves a series of … The potential for these exists at birth as …, each of which will become prominent at different stages when our environment demands certain adaptations. Each confrontation with our environment is called a …

A

series of personal conflicts;

innate predispositions;

crisis

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11
Q

Each confrontation with our environment is called a crisis. The crisis involves a shift in …, requiring us to refocus our instinctual energy in accordance with the needs of each stage of the life cycle.

Each developmental stage has its particular crisis or turning point that necessitates some change in our … and …

A

perspective;

behavior;

personality

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12
Q

Each developmental stage has its particular crisis or turning point that necessitates some change in our behavior and personality. We may respond to the crisis in one of two ways: a … (…) way or an … (…) way. Only when we have resolved each conflict can the personality continue its normal developmental sequence and aacquire the strength to confront the next stage’s criss. If the conflict at any stage remains unresolved, we are lless likely to be able to …

A

maladaptive; negative;

adaptive; positive;

adapt to later problems

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13
Q

Erikson believed that the ego must incorporate both …as well as … ways of coping

Ideally at every stage of development the ego will consist primarily of the … or … attitude but will be balanced by some portion of the … attitude. Only then can the crisis be considered satisfactorily resolved

A

maladaptive;

adaptive;

positive;

adaptive;

negative

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14
Q

Erikson also proposed that each of the eight psychosocial stages provides an opportunity to develop our … These, also known as …, emerge once the crisis has been resolved satisfactorily. He suggested that these are … in that one cannot develop until the one associated with the previous stage has been confirmed

A

basic strengths;

virtues;

interdependent

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15
Q

Erikson’s oral-sensory stage of psychosocial development, paralleling Freud’s … stage, occurs during our first year of life, the time of our greatest …

The infant is totally dependent on the mother or primary caregiver for …, … and …

A

oral;

helplessness;

survival;

security;

affection

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16
Q

trust vs. mistrust:

  • erikson wrote that the infant “lives through, and loves with, the …”
    • the baby’s … determines whether an attitude of trust/mistrust for future dealings with the envionrment will be incorporated into his/her personality
A

mouth;

interaction with the mother

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17
Q

trust vs. mistrust:

  • If the mother responds appropriately to the baby’s physical needs and provides ample affection, love and security, then infants will develop a sense of …, an attitude that will characterize the growing child’s view of themselves and others.
  • In this way, we learn to expect “…, … and …” from other people and situations in our environment. Erikson said that this expectation provides the beginning of our …
A

trust;

consistency;

continuity;

sameness

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18
Q

trust vs. mistrust:

  • if the mother is rejecting, inattentive, or inconsistent in her behavior, infants may develop an attitude of … and will become …, … and …
  • According to Erikson, mistrust can also occur if the mother does not display an … on the child
A

mistrust;

suspicious;

fearful;

anxious;

exclusive focus

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19
Q

trust vs. mistrust:

  • although the pattern of trust/mistrust as a dimension of personality is set in …, the problem may reappear at a later developmental stage
  • childhood mistrust can be altered later in life through the … of a loving and patient … or …
A

infancy;

companionship;

teacher;

friend

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20
Q

trust vs. mistrust:

  • The basic strength of … is associated witht he successful resolution of the crisis during the oral-sensory stage. Erikson described this strength as the belief that our … It involves a persistent feeling of …
A

hope;

desires will be satisfied;

confidence

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21
Q

Autonomy vs. Doubt and shame:

  • during the muscular anal stage at the second and third years of life, corresponding to Freud’s … stage, children rapidly develop a variety of physican and mental abilities and are able to do many things for themselves
  • Of all these abilities, Erikson believed the most important involved … and …
A

anal;

holding on;

letting go

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22
Q

Autonomy vs. Doubt and shame:

  • Of all these abilities, Erikson belived the most important involved holding on and letting go. he considered these to be prototypes for reacting to later conflicts in behaviors and attitudes. For example, holding on can be displayed in a … way or in a … way. Letting go can become a venting of … or a …
A

loving;

hostile;

destructive rage;

relaxed passivity

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23
Q

Autonomy vs. Doubt and shame:

  • the most important point about this stage is that for the first time children are able to exercise some .., to experience the power of their …
  • Although still dependent on their parents, they begin to see themselves as persons in their own right and want to exercise their newfound strenghts
A

choice;

autonomous will

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24
Q

Autonomy vs. Doubt and shame:

  • the major crisis between parent and hcild at this stage typically involves …, seen as the first instance when society attempts to …
A

toilet training;

regulate an instinctual need

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25
Q

Autonomy vs. Doubt and shame:

  • parents may deny the child’s free will by … the training, showing … and … when the child does not behave correctly. When parents thus frustrate their child’s attempt to exercise independence, the child develops feelings of … and a sense of … in dealing with others.
A

forcing;

impatience;

anger;

self-doubt;

shame

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26
Q

Autonomy vs. Doubt and shame:

  • the … region is the focus of this stage because of the … crisis
A

anal;

toilet training

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27
Q

Autonomy vs. Doubt and shame:

  • the basic strength that develops from autonomy is …, which involves a determination to exercise … and … in the face of society’s demands
A

will;

freedom of choice;

self-restraint

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28
Q

initiative vs. guilt:

  • the locomotor-genital stage, which occurs between ages … and …, is similar to the … stage in Freud’s system
A

3;

5;

phallic

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29
Q

initiative vs. guilt:

  • one initiative that may develop is in the form of …, manifested in the desire to … the parent of the opposite sex and establish a … with the parent of the same sex. How will the parents react to these self-initiated activites and fantasies?
A

fantasies;

possess;

rivalry

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30
Q

initiative vs. guilt:

  • how will the parents react to these self-initiated activites and fantasies?
    • if they punish the child and otherwise inhibit these displays of …, the child will develop persistent … feelings that will affect … activities throughout the person’s life
A

initiative

guilt;

self-directed

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31
Q

initiative vs. guilt:

  • In the Oedipal relatinship, the child inevitably fails, but if the parents guide this situation with love and understanding, then the child will acquire an awareness of what is … and what is not.
    • The child’s initiative can be channeled toward … and … goals in preparation for the development of adult responsibility and morality. In Freudian terms, we would call this the …
A

permissible behavior;

realistic;

socially sanctioned;

superego

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32
Q

initiative vs. guilt:

  • the basic strength called … arises from initiative. this involves the courage to … and …
A

purpose;

envision;

pursue goals

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33
Q

industriousness vs. inferiority:

  • Erikson’s latency stage of psychosocial development, which occurs from ages … to …, corresponds to Freud’s … period
A

6; 11;

latency

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34
Q

industriousness vs. inferiority:

  • ideally, both at home and at school, the child learns good work and study habits, which Erikson referred to as …, primarily as a means of getting … and … from successfully completing a task
A

industriousness;

praise;

satisfaction

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35
Q

industriousness vs. inferiority:

  • chidren are making serious attempts to complete a task by applying concentrated …, … and …
A

attention;

diligence;

persistence

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36
Q

industriousness vs. inferiority:

  • The attitudes and behaviors of parents and teachers largely determine how well chidlren perceive themselves to be developing and using their skills.
  • If children are scolded, ridiculed or rejected, they are likely to develop feelings of … and …
  • Praise and reinforcement foster feelings of …. and encourage …
A

inferiority;

inadequacy;

competence;

continued striving

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37
Q

industriousness vs. inferiority:

  • the outcome of the crisis at each of the first four childhood stages depends on …
    • The resolution is a function more of … than of what the child can do for themselves
  • in the last four stages of psychosocial development, we have increasing … our environment
A

other people;

what is done to children;

control over our environemnt

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38
Q

industriousness vs. inferiority:

  • in the last four stages of psychosocial development, we have increasing control over our enviro
  • however, these deliberate choices are obviously affected by the … that have developed during the stages from birth to adolescence. whether our ego at that point primarily shows trust, autonomy, initiative, and industriousness, or mistrust, doubt, guilt, and inferiority, will determine the …
A

personality characteristics;

course of the rest of our lives

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39
Q

identity cohesion vs. role confusion:

  • adolescence, between ages 12 and 18, is the stage at which we must meet and resolve the crisis of our basic … This is when we form our …, the integration of our ideas about ourselves and about what others think of us. If this process is resolved satisfactorily, the result is a … and … picture
A

ego identity;

self-image;

consistent;

congruent

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40
Q

identity cohesion vs. role confusion:

  • Erikson suggested that adolescence was a hiatus between … and …, a necessary psychological … to give the person time and energy to play different roles and live with different self images
A

childhood;

adulthood;

moratorium

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41
Q

Those who fail to achieve a cohesive identity - who experience what Erikson called an … - will exhibit a … They do not know who or what they are, where they belong, or where they want to go

A

identity crisis;

confusion of roles

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42
Q

Identity crisis:

  • they may withdraw from the normal … (education, job, marriage) as Erikson did for a time or seek a … in crime/drugs. Even this, as society defines it, is preferable to …, although it is not as satisfactory as a …
A

life sequence;

negative identity;

no identity at all;

positive identity

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43
Q

identity crisis

  • Erikson noted the strong impact of … on the development of ego identity in adolescence. He noted that excessive association with … groups and …, or obsessive identification with …, could restrict the developing ego
A

peer groups;

fanatical;

cults;

icons of popular culture

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44
Q

The basic strength that should develop during adolescence is …, which emerges from a cohesive ego identity. This encompasses …, … and a sense of … in our relationships with other people

A

fidelity;

sincerity;

genuineness;

duty

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45
Q

intimacy vs. isolation:

  • Erikson considered young adulthood to be a longer stage than the previous ones, extending from the end of adolescence to about the age of … During this period we establish our … from our parents and quasi-parental institutions, such as college, and begin to function more … as mature, responsible adults. We undertake some form of … and establish …, typically close friendships and sexual unions
A

35;

independence;

autonomously;

productive work;

intimate relationships

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46
Q

intimacy vs. isolation:

  • In Erikson’s view, intimacy was not restricted to … relationships but also encompassed feelings of … and …
A

sexual;

caring;

commitment

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47
Q

intimacy vs. isolation:

  • in Erikson’s view, intimacy was not restricted to sexual relationships but also encompassed feelings of caring and commitment. These emotions could be displayed openly without resorting to …. or … mechanisms and without fear of losing our sense of … We can merge our identity with someone else’s without … or … in the process
A

self-protective;

defensive;

self-identity;

submerging;

losing it

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48
Q

intimacy vs. isolation:

  • poeople who are unable to establish such intimacies in young adulthood will develop feelings of … They avoid ..,. … other people and may even become … toward them.
  • They prefer to be … bc they fear … as a threat to their ego identity
A

isolation;

social contacts;

reject;

aggressive toward them;

alone;

intimacy

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49
Q

intimacy vs. isolation:

  • The basic strength that emerges from the intimacy of the young adult years is …., which Erikson considered to be the greatest of all human virtues. He described it as a … in a shared identity, the … of oneself with another person
A

love;

mutual devotion;

fusing

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50
Q

generativity vs. stagnation:

  • Adulthood, approximately ages 35-55, is a stage of maturity in which we need to be actively involved in … and … the next generation. This need extends beyond our immediate family
A

teaching;

guiding

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51
Q

generativity vs. stagnation:

  • Erikson believed that all institutions - whether business, government, social service, or academic - provide opportunities for us to express generativity. Thus, in whatever organizations or activities we are involved, we can usually find a way to become a mentor, teacher, or guide to younger people for the … at large
  • When middle aged people cannot or will not find an outlet for generativity, they may become overwhelmed by “.., … and …”
A

betterment of society;

stagnation;

boredom;

interpersonal impoverishment

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52
Q

generativity vs. stagnation:

  • Erikson’s depiction of these emotional difficulties in middle age is similar to Jung’s description of the … These people may regress to a stage of …, indulging themselves in … ways. And they may become physical/psychological invalids bc of their absorption with their own … and …
A

midlife crisis;

pseudo-intimacy;

childlike;

needs;

comforts

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53
Q

generativity vs. stagnation:

  • … is the basic strength that emerges from generativity in adulthood. Erikson defined this as a … for others and believed it was manifested in the need to …, not only to … others but also to …
A

care;

broad concern;

teach;

help others;

fulfill one’s identity

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54
Q

ego integrity vs. despair:

  • during the final stage of psychosocial development, maturity and old age, we are confronted with a choice between ego integrity and despair. These attitudes govern the way we …
  • if we look bakc with a sense of fulfillment and satisfaction, believing we have coped with life’s victories and failures, then we are said to possess …
A

evaluate our whole life;

ego integrity

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55
Q

ego integrity vs. despair:

  • ego integrity involves … one’s place and one’s past.
  • if we review our life with a sense of frustration, angry about missed opportunities and regretful of mistakes that cannot be rectified, then we will feel …. We become … with ourselves, … of others, and … over what might have been
A

accepting;

despair;

disgusted;

contemptuous;

bitter

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56
Q

ego integrity vs. despair:

  • erikson’s prescription fro achieving ego integrity
    • older people must do more than reflect on the past. they must remain …, … participants in life, seeking … and … from their environment
A

active;

vital;

challenge;

stimulation

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57
Q

ego integrity vs. despair:

  • erikson said that generativity (the focus of mature adulthood) was even more important than he had thought when he was first developing his theory. “Much of the despair of older people is in fact a continuing sense of …”
  • …, developed in the 7th stage of life, may be the most important factor contributing to ego integrity in the eighth and final stage
A

stagnation;

generativity

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58
Q

ego integrity vs. despair:

  • the basic strength associated with this final developmental stage is … Deriving from ego integrity, this is expressed in a … concern with the … It is conveyed to succeeding generations in an integration of experience best described by the word …
A

wisdom;

detached;

whole of life;

heritage

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59
Q

…: motivating characteristics that derive frm the unsatisfactory resolution of developmental crises

A

basic weaknesses

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60
Q

in an unbalanced development the ego consists solely of …, either the … or the … one. Erikson labeled this condition …

A

one attitude;

adaptive;

maladaptive;

maldevelopment

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61
Q

maldevelopment:

  • when only the positive, adaptive, tendency is present in the ego, the condition is said to be …
    • can lead to …
  • when only the negative tendency is present, the condition is called …
    • can lead to …
A

maladaptive;

neuroses;

malignancies;

psychoses

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62
Q

maldevelopment:

  • Erikson believed that both maladaptions and malignancies could be corrected through …
  • maladaptations, which are the less severe disturbances can also be relieved through a process of …, aided by …, … social relationships, or … at a later developmental stage
A

psychotherapy;

re-adaptation;

environmental changes;

supportive;

successful adaptation

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63
Q

Erikson believed that although not everyone is successful in attaining hope, purpose, wisdom, and the other virtues, we all have the … to do so.

erikson’s theory allows for optimism bc each stage of psychosocial growth, although centered on a crisis, offers the possibility of ..

even if we fail at one stage and develop a maladaptive response or a basic weakness, there is hope for … at a later stage

A

potential;

a positive outcome;

change

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64
Q

Erikson believed that we have the potential to consciously … and … our growth throughout our lives. We are not exclusively products of … These influences are important, but events at … can counteract …

A

direct;

shape;

childhood experiences;

later stages;

unfortunate early experiences

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65
Q

Erikson’s theory is only partially deterministic. During the first four stages, the experiences to which we are exposed through parents, teachers, peer groups and various opportunities are …

we have more chance to … during the last four stages, although the … and … we have formed during the earlier stages will affect our choices

A

largely beyond our control;

exercise free will;

attitudes;

strengths

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66
Q

in general, Erikson believed that personality is affected more by … and … than by …

  • …, not … forces, are the greater determinant
A

learning;

experience;

heredity;

psychosocial experiences;

instinctual biological forces

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67
Q

our ultimate, overriding goal is to develop a … that incorporates …

A

positive ego identity;

all the basic strengths

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68
Q
  • oral-sensory
    • trust vs. mistrust
    • maldevelopment: …, …
  • muscular-anal
    • autonomy vs doubt and shame
    • maldevelopment: …, …
A

sensory maladjustment;

withdrawal;

shameless willfulness;

compulsion

69
Q
  • locomotor-genital
    • initiative vs guilt
    • maldevelopment: …, …
  • latency
    • industriousness vs inferiority
    • maldevelopment: …, …
A

ruthlessness;

inhibition;

narrow virtuosity;

inertia

70
Q
  • adolescence:
    • identity cohesion vs. role confusion
    • maldevelopment: …, …
  • young adulthood:
    • intimacy vs. isolation
    • maldevelopment: …, …
A

fanaticism;

repudiation;

promiscuity;

exclusivity

71
Q
  • adulthood:
    • generativity vs stangation
    • maldevelopment: …, …
  • maturity and old age:
    • ego integrity vs despair
    • maldevelopment: …, …
A

overextension;

rejectivity;

presumption;

disdain

72
Q

To Erikson, asking patients to lie on a couch could lead to …, creating an illusion of …, overemphasizing … material, and engendering … and … on the part of the therapist

A

sadistic exploitation;

objectivity;

unconscious;

impersonality;

aloofness

73
Q

To promote a more personal relationship between therapist and patient and to ensure that they viewed each other as equals, Erikson preferred that patients and therapists … while seated in …

A

face one another;

comfortable chairs

74
Q

Erikson relied less on … techniques than Freud

Erikson occasionally used free association but rarely attempted to …, a technique he called wasteful and harmful.

He believed that assessment techniques should be selected and modified to fit the … of the individual patient

A

formal assessment;

analyze dreams;

unique requirements

75
Q

For work with emotionally disturbed children and in research on normal children and adolescents, Erikson chose … He provided a variety of toys and observed how children …

A

play therapy;

interacted with them

76
Q

The … and … of play in play therapy revealed aspects of personality that might not be manifested verbally bc of child’s limited powers of …

A

form;

intensity;

verbal expression

77
Q

In developing his personality theory, Erikson used data obtained primarily from …, … studies, and …

A

play therapy;

anthropological studies;

psychohistorical analysis

78
Q

Psychohistorical analyses are essentially … studies

Erikson’s psychohistories typically focus on a …, an episode that represents a major life theme uniting …, … and … activities

A

biographical;

significant crisis;

past;

present;

future

79
Q

psychohistorical analysis:

  • Using what he called …, Erikson adopted the subject’s viewpoint as his own to assess life events through that person’s eyes
A

disciplined subjectivity

80
Q

the … is designed to measure the development of ego identity during adolesence

The …, also for adolescents, contains 32 items to measure the dimensions of exploration and commitment

The … is a 20 item self report inventory to measure the level of generativity or stagnation in adulthood

A

Ego-Identity Scale;

Ego Identity Process Questionnaire;

Loyola Generativity Scale

81
Q

Erikson’s primary research method was the …

Erikson used play therapy to conduct research on his theory, focusing on what he called …

  • He claimed that sexual differences in the organization of a play space seemed to parallel the … of … itself
A

case study;

play constructions;

morphology;

genital differentiation

82
Q

Basically, Erikson claimed that, based on the determining effect of biological differences, girls would build … enclosures in which people are …, and boys would build …

Erikson has been criticized for this view, which suggests that women are … of their anatomy and that their personalities are determined by the …

A

low;

walled in;

towers;

victims;

absence of a penis

83
Q

Erikson admitted that differences in play constructions could also result from societal …, in which girls are less oriented toward …, … and … than boys are

A

sex-role training;

action;

aggression;

achievement

84
Q

More than 50 years after erikson’s research on play constructions, traditional … with regard to toys and play behaviors persists. Most children still prefer …

A

gender stereotyping;

gender-based toys

85
Q

A study of 2- to 4- year olds found that boys played more with a .. than with a …, whereas girls chose to play with the … and not the …

A

toy train;

doll;

doll;

train

86
Q

Similar play results occurred with college students. Men were attracted to a … toy, a …, but only when it was painted …; they rejected the object when it was painted …, a traditional “girls” color

A

boy’s;

model fighter jet plane;

blue;

pink

87
Q

The same kind of gender preference was found with a group of 10- to 11- year olds who were asked to choose software for computer based problems. Boys chose the software labeled …, whereas girls chose the one labeled …

A

“pirates”;

“princesses”

88
Q

Role of parents in determining gender preferences for toys:

  • parents praise children for playing with the appropriate … toy and discourage them from playing with toys intended for the …
  • … treat boys and girls in a more stereotypical way than … do
A

gender-typed;

other sex;

fathers;

mothers

89
Q

Role of parents in determining gender preferences for toys:

  • Fathers treat boys and girls in a more stereotypical way than mothers do. Therefore, it is primarily the fathers who teach and reinforce …
  • Fathers tend to encourage and reward …, … behaviors in girls and …, … in boys
A

gender-based play;

passive; compliant;

assertive; aggressive

90
Q

Studies of infants aged 12 to 18 months old showed that those who had a strong emotional bond with their mothers (therefore presumed to be high in …) functioned, when observed 3 years later, at a higher … and … level than infants whose attachment to their mothers was less …

A

trust;

social;

emotional;

secure

91
Q

Children with a well-developed sense of trust were also more …, …, and …

They were more likely to be … at games and showed greater … to the needs and feelings of others

A

curious;

sociable;

popular;

leaders;

sensitivity

92
Q

Children low in trust were more … socially and emotionally, … to play with other children, less …, and less … in pursuing goals

A

withdrawn;

reluctant;

curious;

forceful

93
Q

A study of survivors of the Holocaust who were interviewed 30 to 40 years after the end of WWII showed that they had dealt successfully with all of Erikson’s proposed psychosocial stages except …

The fact that they were able to cope with later developmental crises confirms Erikson’s notion that … events at later stages can counteract or overcome … early experiences.

A

trust vs. mistrust;

positive;

negative

94
Q

When children aged 4, 8, and 11 were asked to … based on several test pictures. These were analyzed to determine which … they reflected. The results supported the themes proposed in Erikson’s theory.

A

make up stories;

psychosocial stage

95
Q

Psychohistorical analysis of the diaries, letters, and novels of Vera Brittain, a well-known British feminist and writer, from age 21 into middle age, showed an initial concern with … This changed over time to a concern with … and then …

A

ego identity;

intimacy;

generativity

96
Q

A study using the …, a test designed to assess adaptive and maladaptive development in Erikson’s first six stages, found a significant relationship between … and … at each stage. Another study showed a high correlation between maladaptive development in the first six stages and a sense of … and …

A

Inventory of Psychosocial Development;

happiness;

adaptive development;

alienation;

uprootedness

97
Q

Study of adults ages 18 to 25 in Canada, which found that the period of emerging adulthood was a time of increased …

A

psychological well-being

98
Q

Adolescents who developed trust, autonomy, initiative, and industriousness (adaptive ways of coping) in the first four stages of psychosocial development displayed a high level of … rather than …

Adolescents who had not yet resolved their identity crisis and who experienced role confusion had not developed … in the earlier stages

A

identity cohesion;

role confusion;

adaptive ways of coping

99
Q

Three groups of men in Canada (ages 19-25, 35-55, and 65-87) were aksed to take self report measures of …, … and …

A

identity;

self-worth;

psychological distress

100
Q

Three groups of men in Canada (ages 19-25, 35-55, and 65-87) were asked to take self report measures of identity, self worth, and psychological distress.

The younger men experienced the highest levels of … while the older men had the lowest rates of … This is in line with Erikson’s view that “the older the individual, the better one is able to … with life’s challenges due to … and … of earlier psychological dilemmas.”

A

distress;

distress;

cope;

exposure;

resolution

101
Q

When adults in Britain ages 62 to 89 were asked to recall memories from earlier times, the results supported the psychosocial developmental stages. Memories of their first decade of life focused on issues of …, …, … and … Memories of their second decade (ages 11-20) dealt with … issues, whereas memories from young adulthood centered on …

A

trust;

autonomy;

initiative;

industry;

identity;

intimacy

102
Q

An extensive research program on the adolescent stage of development identified five psychosocial types, or statues, for that period. These are:

  • …
  • …
  • …
  • …
  • …
A

identity achievement;

moratorium;

foreclosure;

identity diffusion;

alienated achievement

103
Q

identity achievement describes adolescents who are committed to … and … choices

These stable adolescents majored in more … areas in college, attracted to courses in … and the …

A

occupational;

ideological;

engineering;

physical sciences

104
Q

Male and female teens who reached the identity status earlier in adolescence were found to be more likely to have a stable … in their twenties. They were also less likely to engage in …, … and high-risk … behaviors than those who had not achieved identity status

A

intimate romantic relationship;

binge drinking;

illegal drug use;

sexual

105
Q

Studies of American, Chinese, and Turkish high school and college students found that the identity achievement status correlated highly with …, positive forms of …, …. and a stronger sense of …

A

self-esteem;

coping;

psychological well-being;

self

106
Q

A large scale research program including more than 120 studies found that identity achievement status rose over … and …

A

late adolescence;

young adulthood

107
Q

There is evidence that adolescents who thought seriously about what they wanted to do with their lives, and so were more likely to achieve an …, had parents who provided … and … in a loving and caring way, in contrast to parents who were either too … or too …

A

identity;

direction;

control;

permissive;

authoritarian

108
Q

Moratorium, the second adolescent status, describes people who are still undergoing their …. Their occupational and ideological commitments are … They hold … views toward authority figures, alternately … and needing … from them.

A

identity crisis;

vague;

ambivalent;

rebelling;

guidance

109
Q

For those in moratorium, their behavior ranges from … to … and …, and they score high in …

A

indecisive;

active;

creative;

anxiety

110
Q

People in moratorium tend to …, believe in … and enjoy behaving …

A

daydream;

supernatural phenomena;

childishly

111
Q

Foreclosure describes adolescents who have not yet experienced an … but who express commitment to an … and an …

A

identity crisis;

occupation;

ideology

112
Q

Foreclosure:

  • These commitments often have been determined for them by their … and do not result from the adolescents’ …
  • These teens tend to be … and … and have difficulty coping with …
A

parents;

deliberate choice;

rigid;

authoritarian;

choice

113
Q

Foreclosure:

  • Those in this status tend to be …-oriented, but they focus their energy toward … rather than … goals
A

achievement;

external;

internal

114
Q

identity diffusion:

  • this status characterizes people who have no … or …, commitments in adolescence and who may not have experienced an …
A

occupational;

ideological;

identity crisis

115
Q

identity diffusion:

  • their chosen lifestyle may actively reject any kind of … and in the extreme may result in … and …
  • these adolescents have … relationships with their parents, whom they see as … and …
A

commitments;

aimless drifting;

wandering;

distant;

indifferent;

rejecting

116
Q

identity diffusion:

  • studies of adolescents in Greece, Belgium and the US in the identity diffusion status showed that they ranked lower in … and … and higher in … and …
A

psychological adjustment;

subjective well-being;

unstable self-image;

interpersonal relationships

117
Q

identity diffusion:

  • studies of adolescents in Greece, Belgium and the US in the identity diffusion status showed that they were also more likely to engage in … and … behavior, to show an excessive need for … and to have …
A

impulsive;

self-destructive;

attention;

grandiose fantasies

118
Q

Alienated achievement:

  • desctibes adolescents who have experienced an …, have no … and cling to beliefs that are … of the social and economic system
A

identity crisis;

occupational goal;

critical

119
Q

Alienated achievement:

  • Their strong commitment to this rationale precludes any career that would … them in the very system they oppose.
  • as students they tend to be …, … and …
A

entangle;

cerebral;

philosophical;

cynical

120
Q

achieving an integrated ego identity:

  • four of these statuses, in the following order (identity diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and identity achievement) represent increasingly … resolutions of the identity problem. Erikson predicted that people who have achieved an integrated ego identity will have … than those who are farther from resolving their identity dilemma. That prediction was supported by research on college men
A

successful;

greater ego sterngth

121
Q

a study of hs students found that those who were more heavily involved in extracurricular and volunteer activities were higher in the ego strength of … than were those not so involved

Similar results were found with physical activity and participation in sports and exercise programs with both Japanese and American students. The more time they devoted to those kinds of activities, the stronger was their sense of …

A

fidelity;

ego identity;

122
Q

Sex differences in Ego Identity:

  • Sex differences have been found in the resolution of the identity crisis. Men in one study showed a tendency toward … and … from other people, whereas women showed a tendency toward … and … to others
A

separation;

detachment;

connection;

attachment

123
Q

Sex differences in Ego Identity:

  • male identity focuses on individual … and …, whereas female identity is more centered on …
A

competence;

knowledge;

relating to others

124
Q

Sex differences in Ego Identity:

  • When women establish an identity, they depend heavily on … Men focus more on … and … and …
A

social relationships;

self;

individual skills;

abilities

125
Q

Sex differences in Ego Identity:

  • female adolescents form an identity … than male adoelscents, but most males achieve some level of identity by the end of the …
A

at an earlier age;

teen years

126
Q

Adolescence can be a turbulent and stressful period. Three key elements for this developmental stage have been identified:

  • conflict with …, characterized by a … to …
A

parents;

forceful resistance;

adult authority

127
Q

Adolescence can be a turbulent and stressful period. Three key elements for this developmental stage have been identified:

  • …, characterized by a … emotional life, … and episodes of …
A

mood disruption;

volatile;

mood swings;

depression

128
Q

Adolescence can be a turbulent and stressful period. Three key elements for this developmental stage have been identified:

  • … behaviors, characterized by …, … and … behavior that may … themselves and others
A

risky;

reckless;

rule-breaking;

antisocial;

harm

129
Q

a study in which 155 adolescents kept diaries of their daily interactions over a 2 week period showed that 31% of their interactions involved … with other people.

The teenage subjects reported that conflicts with their … were more important to them, and more … than were conflicts with their …

A

conflicts;

parents;

emotionally intense;

peers

130
Q

studies tracking individuals from childhood to adolescence found that many of those who experienced depression and other emotional problems during the teen years had also suffered some form of … as children. This suggests that difficulties reported in adolesce do not necessarily arise bc of …

A

psychological distress;

adolescence

131
Q

computer games and social media sites offer adolescents a unique, high tech opportunity to … to see which offers the best fit

A

try different roles

132
Q

A study of MUD (multi-user dungeons) players in Germany, average age 25, found that … among the players increaed the longer they played, as did the intensity of their … with the virtual community. The degree of identification with their virtual world was thought to be as … and … as identifying with the real world

A

intepersonal attraction;

social identification;

intense;

satisfying

133
Q

An online study of Second Life users suggested that they may not be creating entirely new “second lives” online as much as they are bringing portions of their own .., … lives into their online presentations of themselves. In other words, they are not presenting totally … or … personas online but … at least portions of their real lives into the situation

A

real; offline;

fictional;

imaginary;

projecting

134
Q

Research has found that disclosing too much personal info online can lead some teenagers to an extended period of .., delaying the construction of a … for themselves

A

adolescence;

sound ego identity

135
Q

A study of 7th to 9th graders found that those who had not yet developed a sense of their true selves were prone to greater use of the … than those who had a stronger sense of self and personal identity. This can lead to the danger that a person could become so absorbed in a … that it comes to replace the … Of course, that can also happen in the real world when adopting a …

A

social media;

virtual identity;

true developing self;

different persona

136
Q

Research in Australia demonstrated that children and adolescents who score high in … and … were far more likely to communicate online with others about … and … matters than children and adolescents who score lower in these measures

A

loneliness;

social anxiety;

personal;

intimate

137
Q

Two major studies studied women who had graduated from college during the 1940s to the mid 1960s. Data were gathered from interviews, questionnaires, and self report personality tests. Women attending college when the women’s movement began were found to have … They valued their … more than did the older women and eventually attained higher levels of …, … and …

A

greater aspirations;

independence;

education;

job status;

income

138
Q

Two major studies studied women who had graduated from college during the 1940s to the mid 1960s. Data were gathered from interviews, questionnaires, and self report personality tests. Women attending college when the women’s movement began were more … and … in middle age than women who had passed through the adolescent stage before the advent of the women’s movement

A

assertive;

self-confident

139
Q

One legacy of the women’s movement was that more adolescent women included a … as part of their ego identity.

Questionnaire studies of several hundred women college students revealed that those who are career oriented tended to … They … less while in college and were more wary of …

A

career orientation;

marry later in life;

dated;

committed relationships

140
Q

Questionnaire results for college men revealed that the stronger their career identity, the more … they were to a dating relationship. Indeed, they were unlikely to become involved in a dating relationship until they felt a … to an occupation

A

committed;

definite commitment

141
Q

Additional longitudinal research studied women who graduated from college in the 1960s and the men they married:

  • measured positive emotionality (PEM) - active, happy involvement in work/social enviro
  • negative emotionality (NEM) - feelings of stress, anxiety, anger and other engative emotions

Measures of these two factors, taken at various ages from the late 20s to the middle 50s, showed that in young adulthood women tended to score higher on … than did their husbands to score higher on … in late middle age

A

NEM;

PEM

142
Q

Additional longitudinal research studied women who graduated from college in the 1960s and the men they married:

  • These findings indicated that women showed greater feelings of …, … and breadth of … along with reduced … and … once the period of child rearing ended
A

social power;

accomplishment;

interest;

stress;

alienation

143
Q

Erikson defined identity consolidation as the process of dealing successfully with the … of adult life. This involves making adjustments to the changing demands of our … He believed that identity consolidation usually occurs during the …, as people assume adult responsibilites of marriage, family and career.

A

social realities;

social world;

20s

144
Q

identity consolidation:

  • a study of women college graduates evaluated at ages 21 and 27 found that those who ranked high in … and had found an identity in … were higher in identity consolidation
A

ego resiliency;

marriage

145
Q

identity consolidation:

  • A study of women ages 22 to 60 found a positive relationship between their readiness and willingness to …, and changes in their … at different developmental stages.
  • … and … was positively linked to the likelihood of exploring a different identity later in life
A

change;

identity commitment;

looking ahead;

contemplating life changes

146
Q

identity consolidation:

  • some women must also deal with changing physical realities of adult life, such as body image in breast cancer patients after surgery. A study of these women in Britain found that the alteration of body image led to an … that was difficult to resolve
A

identity crisis

147
Q

identity crisis:

  • erikson suggested that the identity crisis began around age … and was resolved, one way or another, by approximately age … However, for some people the identity crisis may not occur until later. In one study, up to 30% of the people studied were still searching for an identity as late as age …
A

12;

18;

24

148
Q

identity crisis:

  • college may … the resoluton of the identity crisis and … the period during which young adults experiement with different roles and ideologies
A

delay;

prolong

149
Q

identity crisis:

  • when ocllege students were compared with people of the same age who held full-time jobs, it was found that employed persons had acheived ego identity … than students had. The students remained longer in the …
A

at an earlier age;

moratorium status

150
Q

identity crisis:

  • Additional research suggests that the construction of a person’s identity may even be a continuing process that occurs over …
  • A large scale study of adolescents in India found that girls were … than were boys
A

the entire life span;

higher in ego identity

151
Q

Generativity in middle age appears to be significantly related to having experienced …, … parenting in childhood.

Middle aged adutls who scored high in generativity tended to believe in the … and … of human life and to feel … and … with their own life than did people who scored low in generativity

A

warm; affectionate;

goodness; worth;

happier;

more satisfied

152
Q

Generativity:

  • Common themes of the high scorers of generativity included some event of … in their early lives, sensitivity to the … of others, a stable …, … for themselves and for society. Low scorers did not record any of these themes
A

good fortune;

suffering;

personal belief system;

clear goals

153
Q

Generativity:

  • a group of middle aged adults were asked to write accounts of personally meaningful episodes from their past, including events that were high points, low points and turning points
  • those who scored high in generativity were far more liekly to describe scenes in which a … life experience had been transformed into a … experience.
  • Those who scored low in generativity tended to describe the opposite, in which a … life experience had been transformed into a …
A

negative;

positive redemptive;

positive;

negative life event

154
Q

Generativity:

  • when a group of college students were studied 20 years later and again 30 years later, it was found that most of those who were slow to reach ego identity in their younger years were able to … by middle age and reach the stage of …
A

catch up;

generativity

155
Q

Generativity:

  • generativity in middle age is positively correlated with … and with …
  • it evokes the need to feel … and to feel … in relation to them.
  • Another study associated generativity with …
A

power;

intimacy motivation;

close to others;

strong;

nurturance

156
Q

Generativity:

  • people high in generativity have scored higher on:
    • …
    • …
    • …
    • …
    • …
    • …
    • openness to …
A

extraversion;

self esteem;

conscientiousness;

altruism;

competence;

dutifulness;

new experiences

157
Q

Generativity:

  • those high in genrativity are also more likely to be involved in …, to feel … to their community and to be more …
A

satisfying social relationships;

attached;

emotionally stable

158
Q

Generativity:

  • Those high in generativity are more likely to have …, greater … and more … They display more … behavior than those who score low on generativity
A

successful marriages;

success at work;

close friendships;

altruistic

159
Q

Generativity:

  • a strong positive association has also been found between genrativity and … This held for people at midlife who did not have children as well as for those who were parents. This relationship between generativity and well being was highest among people who reported satisfaction and success from their … and …, however, rather than satsifaction and success as a …
A

psychological well-being;

job; career;

parent

160
Q

Generativity:

  • two longitudinal studies of college educated women tested at intervals from 31 to 48 found that those who were high in generativity at midlife scored significantly higher in … than those low in generativity
  • another longitudinal study of college educated women found that those who valued … and … had more fully developed identities in their 40s and were significantly higher in generativity than those who did not
A

emotional well-being;

social recognition;

achievement

161
Q

Generativity:

  • additional research on college educated women in their 40s found that, as Erikson predicted, generativity was higher during that stage of life than it was when the women were in their … However, this study also reported, contrary to Erikson’s view, that the level of generativity … in these women well into their 60s
A

40s;

remained at the same level

162
Q

Generativity:

  • In a related study, college educated women who scored high in generativity at age 43 … 10 years later. They also demonstrated a higher level of … to their aging parents and reported a higher level of care for their … and … than women scoring low in generativity at age 43
A

maintained that level;

care-giving;

spouses;

children

163
Q

Generativity:

  • Large scale technological changes may have a negative impact on the attitude of younger generations toward their elders, which may prevent … from occurring. Research in Hong Kong found a marked decrease in generativity among those older people who felt out of touch with the developments in …
  • They came to believe they were not … or …, which led to a disengagement from … goals/behaviors
A

useful mentoring activities;

modern tech;

valued;

respected;

generative

164
Q
  • a study of older psychologists found that most of their memories were of … and …, the period involving the greatest number of … that affected the course of their lives
A

college;

early adult years;

critical decisions

165
Q

other research found that elderly subjects who scored high in ego integrity devoted far more time to … to resolve … and come to a better … of their circumstances than those who scored low in ego integrity

A

reviewing their lives;

troubling issues;

understanding

166
Q

a study of people over the age of 65 in Portugal confirmed that … brought on a feeling of ego integrity as well as psychological well being

studies of adults in their 50s and 60s found that, as Erikson predicted, acknowledging … and … related directly to their degree of life satisfaction and physical health for both men and women

A

reminiscing about their past lives;

regrets;

missed opportunities

167
Q

A study in Belgium of adults in their 60s and 70s found that the achievement of ego integrity was linked to high feelings of …, … psychological health, a … and less … and …

A

subjective well-being;

positive;

lower fear of death;

bitterness; resentment

168
Q

A comparisonof the younger and older stages of the life span in a sample of adults ages 17-82 found that older people were far more concerned with … and … and less concerned with …, than were younger people

The results also found a significant positive correlation between age and subjective well being

A

generativity;

ego integrity;

ego identity

169
Q
A

Psych of Personality (12 decks)

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