Chapter 6 Flashcards
Trained in the Freudian tradition by …, Erikson developed an approach to personality that broadened the scope of Freud’s work while maintaining its core
Freud’s daughter Anna.
Erikson extended Freud’s theory in three ways:
- He elaborated on Freud’s stages of development, suggesting that personality …
- He placed greater emphasis on the … than on the … In Erikson’s view, the ego is an … part of the personality. It is not … or …, as Freud had said
- He recognized the impact on personality of … and … forces. He argued that we are not governed entirely by innate biological factors at work in childhood. Although they are important, they do no provide a complete explanation of personality
continues to develop over the entire life span;
ego;
id;
independent;
dependent on; subservient to the id;
cultural;
historical
Anna Freud, unlike her father, was interested in the psychoanalysis of children. Her influence, plus Erikson’s own classroom teaching experiences, made him aware of the importance of … on personality and led him to also focus on …
social influences;
child development
Erikson established a private psychoanalytic practice specializing in the treatment of … He also worked at a guidance center for …
children;
emotionally disturbed delinquents
Erikson and a Yale anthropologist collaborated on a study of the child rearing pracices of South Dakota’s Sioux Indians. The research reinforced his belief int he influence of … on childhood.
Unlike many psychoanalysts, Erikson wanted his clinical experience to be as … as possible, so he looked for patients from … and saw those he considered … as well as those who were emotionally disturbed
culture;
broad;
diverse cultures;
normal
In his observations of American Indians in South Dakota and in California, Erikson noted certain psychological symptoms that could not be explained by orthodox Freudian theory. The. symptoms appeared to be related to a sense of alienation from cultural traditions and resulted in the lack of a clear … or … This phenomenon, which Erikson initially called …, was similar to the condition he had observed among emotionally disturbed veterans after WWII.
Erikson suggested that those men were not suffereing from repressed conflicts but rather from … brought about by traumatic war experiences and by being temporarily uprooted from their … He had described the veterans’s ituation as a … about whom and what they were
self-image;
self-identity;
identity confusion;
confusion;
culture;
confusion of identity
Erikson divided the growth of the personality into eight … The first four are similar to Freud’s oral, anal, phallic and latency stages. The major difference between their theories is that Erikson emphasized …, whereas Freud focused on … factors
psychosocial stages;
psychosocial correlates;
biological
Erikson suggested that the developmental process was governed by what he called the … By this he meant that … forces are the determining characteristics of the developmental stages. Development depends on … factors
epigenetic principle of maturation;
inherited;
genetic
Erikson stated that development depends on genetic factors. However, it is the … and … forces to which we are exposed that control the ways in which the genetically determined stages of development are … Thus, our personality development is affected by both … and … factors
social;
environmental;
realized;
biological;
social
In Erikson’s theory, human development involves a series of … The potential for these exists at birth as …, each of which will become prominent at different stages when our environment demands certain adaptations. Each confrontation with our environment is called a …
series of personal conflicts;
innate predispositions;
crisis
Each confrontation with our environment is called a crisis. The crisis involves a shift in …, requiring us to refocus our instinctual energy in accordance with the needs of each stage of the life cycle.
Each developmental stage has its particular crisis or turning point that necessitates some change in our … and …
perspective;
behavior;
personality
Each developmental stage has its particular crisis or turning point that necessitates some change in our behavior and personality. We may respond to the crisis in one of two ways: a … (…) way or an … (…) way. Only when we have resolved each conflict can the personality continue its normal developmental sequence and aacquire the strength to confront the next stage’s criss. If the conflict at any stage remains unresolved, we are lless likely to be able to …
maladaptive; negative;
adaptive; positive;
adapt to later problems
Erikson believed that the ego must incorporate both …as well as … ways of coping
Ideally at every stage of development the ego will consist primarily of the … or … attitude but will be balanced by some portion of the … attitude. Only then can the crisis be considered satisfactorily resolved
maladaptive;
adaptive;
positive;
adaptive;
negative
Erikson also proposed that each of the eight psychosocial stages provides an opportunity to develop our … These, also known as …, emerge once the crisis has been resolved satisfactorily. He suggested that these are … in that one cannot develop until the one associated with the previous stage has been confirmed
basic strengths;
virtues;
interdependent
Erikson’s oral-sensory stage of psychosocial development, paralleling Freud’s … stage, occurs during our first year of life, the time of our greatest …
The infant is totally dependent on the mother or primary caregiver for …, … and …
oral;
helplessness;
survival;
security;
affection
trust vs. mistrust:
- erikson wrote that the infant “lives through, and loves with, the …”
- the baby’s … determines whether an attitude of trust/mistrust for future dealings with the envionrment will be incorporated into his/her personality
mouth;
interaction with the mother
trust vs. mistrust:
- If the mother responds appropriately to the baby’s physical needs and provides ample affection, love and security, then infants will develop a sense of …, an attitude that will characterize the growing child’s view of themselves and others.
- In this way, we learn to expect “…, … and …” from other people and situations in our environment. Erikson said that this expectation provides the beginning of our …
trust;
consistency;
continuity;
sameness
trust vs. mistrust:
- if the mother is rejecting, inattentive, or inconsistent in her behavior, infants may develop an attitude of … and will become …, … and …
- According to Erikson, mistrust can also occur if the mother does not display an … on the child
mistrust;
suspicious;
fearful;
anxious;
exclusive focus
trust vs. mistrust:
- although the pattern of trust/mistrust as a dimension of personality is set in …, the problem may reappear at a later developmental stage
- childhood mistrust can be altered later in life through the … of a loving and patient … or …
infancy;
companionship;
teacher;
friend
trust vs. mistrust:
- The basic strength of … is associated witht he successful resolution of the crisis during the oral-sensory stage. Erikson described this strength as the belief that our … It involves a persistent feeling of …
hope;
desires will be satisfied;
confidence
Autonomy vs. Doubt and shame:
- during the muscular anal stage at the second and third years of life, corresponding to Freud’s … stage, children rapidly develop a variety of physican and mental abilities and are able to do many things for themselves
- Of all these abilities, Erikson believed the most important involved … and …
anal;
holding on;
letting go
Autonomy vs. Doubt and shame:
- Of all these abilities, Erikson belived the most important involved holding on and letting go. he considered these to be prototypes for reacting to later conflicts in behaviors and attitudes. For example, holding on can be displayed in a … way or in a … way. Letting go can become a venting of … or a …
loving;
hostile;
destructive rage;
relaxed passivity
Autonomy vs. Doubt and shame:
- the most important point about this stage is that for the first time children are able to exercise some .., to experience the power of their …
- Although still dependent on their parents, they begin to see themselves as persons in their own right and want to exercise their newfound strenghts
choice;
autonomous will
Autonomy vs. Doubt and shame:
- the major crisis between parent and hcild at this stage typically involves …, seen as the first instance when society attempts to …
toilet training;
regulate an instinctual need
Autonomy vs. Doubt and shame:
- parents may deny the child’s free will by … the training, showing … and … when the child does not behave correctly. When parents thus frustrate their child’s attempt to exercise independence, the child develops feelings of … and a sense of … in dealing with others.
forcing;
impatience;
anger;
self-doubt;
shame
Autonomy vs. Doubt and shame:
- the … region is the focus of this stage because of the … crisis
anal;
toilet training
Autonomy vs. Doubt and shame:
- the basic strength that develops from autonomy is …, which involves a determination to exercise … and … in the face of society’s demands
will;
freedom of choice;
self-restraint
initiative vs. guilt:
- the locomotor-genital stage, which occurs between ages … and …, is similar to the … stage in Freud’s system
3;
5;
phallic
initiative vs. guilt:
- one initiative that may develop is in the form of …, manifested in the desire to … the parent of the opposite sex and establish a … with the parent of the same sex. How will the parents react to these self-initiated activites and fantasies?
fantasies;
possess;
rivalry
initiative vs. guilt:
- how will the parents react to these self-initiated activites and fantasies?
- if they punish the child and otherwise inhibit these displays of …, the child will develop persistent … feelings that will affect … activities throughout the person’s life
initiative
guilt;
self-directed
initiative vs. guilt:
- In the Oedipal relatinship, the child inevitably fails, but if the parents guide this situation with love and understanding, then the child will acquire an awareness of what is … and what is not.
- The child’s initiative can be channeled toward … and … goals in preparation for the development of adult responsibility and morality. In Freudian terms, we would call this the …
permissible behavior;
realistic;
socially sanctioned;
superego
initiative vs. guilt:
- the basic strength called … arises from initiative. this involves the courage to … and …
purpose;
envision;
pursue goals
industriousness vs. inferiority:
- Erikson’s latency stage of psychosocial development, which occurs from ages … to …, corresponds to Freud’s … period
6; 11;
latency
industriousness vs. inferiority:
- ideally, both at home and at school, the child learns good work and study habits, which Erikson referred to as …, primarily as a means of getting … and … from successfully completing a task
industriousness;
praise;
satisfaction
industriousness vs. inferiority:
- chidren are making serious attempts to complete a task by applying concentrated …, … and …
attention;
diligence;
persistence
industriousness vs. inferiority:
- The attitudes and behaviors of parents and teachers largely determine how well chidlren perceive themselves to be developing and using their skills.
- If children are scolded, ridiculed or rejected, they are likely to develop feelings of … and …
- Praise and reinforcement foster feelings of …. and encourage …
inferiority;
inadequacy;
competence;
continued striving
industriousness vs. inferiority:
- the outcome of the crisis at each of the first four childhood stages depends on …
- The resolution is a function more of … than of what the child can do for themselves
- in the last four stages of psychosocial development, we have increasing … our environment
other people;
what is done to children;
control over our environemnt
industriousness vs. inferiority:
- in the last four stages of psychosocial development, we have increasing control over our enviro
- however, these deliberate choices are obviously affected by the … that have developed during the stages from birth to adolescence. whether our ego at that point primarily shows trust, autonomy, initiative, and industriousness, or mistrust, doubt, guilt, and inferiority, will determine the …
personality characteristics;
course of the rest of our lives
identity cohesion vs. role confusion:
- adolescence, between ages 12 and 18, is the stage at which we must meet and resolve the crisis of our basic … This is when we form our …, the integration of our ideas about ourselves and about what others think of us. If this process is resolved satisfactorily, the result is a … and … picture
ego identity;
self-image;
consistent;
congruent
identity cohesion vs. role confusion:
- Erikson suggested that adolescence was a hiatus between … and …, a necessary psychological … to give the person time and energy to play different roles and live with different self images
childhood;
adulthood;
moratorium
Those who fail to achieve a cohesive identity - who experience what Erikson called an … - will exhibit a … They do not know who or what they are, where they belong, or where they want to go
identity crisis;
confusion of roles
Identity crisis:
- they may withdraw from the normal … (education, job, marriage) as Erikson did for a time or seek a … in crime/drugs. Even this, as society defines it, is preferable to …, although it is not as satisfactory as a …
life sequence;
negative identity;
no identity at all;
positive identity
identity crisis
- Erikson noted the strong impact of … on the development of ego identity in adolescence. He noted that excessive association with … groups and …, or obsessive identification with …, could restrict the developing ego
peer groups;
fanatical;
cults;
icons of popular culture
The basic strength that should develop during adolescence is …, which emerges from a cohesive ego identity. This encompasses …, … and a sense of … in our relationships with other people
fidelity;
sincerity;
genuineness;
duty
intimacy vs. isolation:
- Erikson considered young adulthood to be a longer stage than the previous ones, extending from the end of adolescence to about the age of … During this period we establish our … from our parents and quasi-parental institutions, such as college, and begin to function more … as mature, responsible adults. We undertake some form of … and establish …, typically close friendships and sexual unions
35;
independence;
autonomously;
productive work;
intimate relationships
intimacy vs. isolation:
- In Erikson’s view, intimacy was not restricted to … relationships but also encompassed feelings of … and …
sexual;
caring;
commitment
intimacy vs. isolation:
- in Erikson’s view, intimacy was not restricted to sexual relationships but also encompassed feelings of caring and commitment. These emotions could be displayed openly without resorting to …. or … mechanisms and without fear of losing our sense of … We can merge our identity with someone else’s without … or … in the process
self-protective;
defensive;
self-identity;
submerging;
losing it
intimacy vs. isolation:
- poeople who are unable to establish such intimacies in young adulthood will develop feelings of … They avoid ..,. … other people and may even become … toward them.
- They prefer to be … bc they fear … as a threat to their ego identity
isolation;
social contacts;
reject;
aggressive toward them;
alone;
intimacy
intimacy vs. isolation:
- The basic strength that emerges from the intimacy of the young adult years is …., which Erikson considered to be the greatest of all human virtues. He described it as a … in a shared identity, the … of oneself with another person
love;
mutual devotion;
fusing
generativity vs. stagnation:
- Adulthood, approximately ages 35-55, is a stage of maturity in which we need to be actively involved in … and … the next generation. This need extends beyond our immediate family
teaching;
guiding
generativity vs. stagnation:
- Erikson believed that all institutions - whether business, government, social service, or academic - provide opportunities for us to express generativity. Thus, in whatever organizations or activities we are involved, we can usually find a way to become a mentor, teacher, or guide to younger people for the … at large
- When middle aged people cannot or will not find an outlet for generativity, they may become overwhelmed by “.., … and …”
betterment of society;
stagnation;
boredom;
interpersonal impoverishment
generativity vs. stagnation:
- Erikson’s depiction of these emotional difficulties in middle age is similar to Jung’s description of the … These people may regress to a stage of …, indulging themselves in … ways. And they may become physical/psychological invalids bc of their absorption with their own … and …
midlife crisis;
pseudo-intimacy;
childlike;
needs;
comforts
generativity vs. stagnation:
- … is the basic strength that emerges from generativity in adulthood. Erikson defined this as a … for others and believed it was manifested in the need to …, not only to … others but also to …
care;
broad concern;
teach;
help others;
fulfill one’s identity
ego integrity vs. despair:
- during the final stage of psychosocial development, maturity and old age, we are confronted with a choice between ego integrity and despair. These attitudes govern the way we …
- if we look bakc with a sense of fulfillment and satisfaction, believing we have coped with life’s victories and failures, then we are said to possess …
evaluate our whole life;
ego integrity
ego integrity vs. despair:
- ego integrity involves … one’s place and one’s past.
- if we review our life with a sense of frustration, angry about missed opportunities and regretful of mistakes that cannot be rectified, then we will feel …. We become … with ourselves, … of others, and … over what might have been
accepting;
despair;
disgusted;
contemptuous;
bitter
ego integrity vs. despair:
- erikson’s prescription fro achieving ego integrity
- older people must do more than reflect on the past. they must remain …, … participants in life, seeking … and … from their environment
active;
vital;
challenge;
stimulation
ego integrity vs. despair:
- erikson said that generativity (the focus of mature adulthood) was even more important than he had thought when he was first developing his theory. “Much of the despair of older people is in fact a continuing sense of …”
- …, developed in the 7th stage of life, may be the most important factor contributing to ego integrity in the eighth and final stage
stagnation;
generativity
ego integrity vs. despair:
- the basic strength associated with this final developmental stage is … Deriving from ego integrity, this is expressed in a … concern with the … It is conveyed to succeeding generations in an integration of experience best described by the word …
wisdom;
detached;
whole of life;
heritage
…: motivating characteristics that derive frm the unsatisfactory resolution of developmental crises
basic weaknesses
in an unbalanced development the ego consists solely of …, either the … or the … one. Erikson labeled this condition …
one attitude;
adaptive;
maladaptive;
maldevelopment
maldevelopment:
- when only the positive, adaptive, tendency is present in the ego, the condition is said to be …
- can lead to …
- when only the negative tendency is present, the condition is called …
- can lead to …
maladaptive;
neuroses;
malignancies;
psychoses
maldevelopment:
- Erikson believed that both maladaptions and malignancies could be corrected through …
- maladaptations, which are the less severe disturbances can also be relieved through a process of …, aided by …, … social relationships, or … at a later developmental stage
psychotherapy;
re-adaptation;
environmental changes;
supportive;
successful adaptation
Erikson believed that although not everyone is successful in attaining hope, purpose, wisdom, and the other virtues, we all have the … to do so.
erikson’s theory allows for optimism bc each stage of psychosocial growth, although centered on a crisis, offers the possibility of ..
even if we fail at one stage and develop a maladaptive response or a basic weakness, there is hope for … at a later stage
potential;
a positive outcome;
change
Erikson believed that we have the potential to consciously … and … our growth throughout our lives. We are not exclusively products of … These influences are important, but events at … can counteract …
direct;
shape;
childhood experiences;
later stages;
unfortunate early experiences
Erikson’s theory is only partially deterministic. During the first four stages, the experiences to which we are exposed through parents, teachers, peer groups and various opportunities are …
we have more chance to … during the last four stages, although the … and … we have formed during the earlier stages will affect our choices
largely beyond our control;
exercise free will;
attitudes;
strengths
in general, Erikson believed that personality is affected more by … and … than by …
- …, not … forces, are the greater determinant
learning;
experience;
heredity;
psychosocial experiences;
instinctual biological forces
our ultimate, overriding goal is to develop a … that incorporates …
positive ego identity;
all the basic strengths
- oral-sensory
- trust vs. mistrust
- maldevelopment: …, …
- muscular-anal
- autonomy vs doubt and shame
- maldevelopment: …, …
sensory maladjustment;
withdrawal;
shameless willfulness;
compulsion
- locomotor-genital
- initiative vs guilt
- maldevelopment: …, …
- latency
- industriousness vs inferiority
- maldevelopment: …, …
ruthlessness;
inhibition;
narrow virtuosity;
inertia
- adolescence:
- identity cohesion vs. role confusion
- maldevelopment: …, …
- young adulthood:
- intimacy vs. isolation
- maldevelopment: …, …
fanaticism;
repudiation;
promiscuity;
exclusivity
- adulthood:
- generativity vs stangation
- maldevelopment: …, …
- maturity and old age:
- ego integrity vs despair
- maldevelopment: …, …
overextension;
rejectivity;
presumption;
disdain
To Erikson, asking patients to lie on a couch could lead to …, creating an illusion of …, overemphasizing … material, and engendering … and … on the part of the therapist
sadistic exploitation;
objectivity;
unconscious;
impersonality;
aloofness
To promote a more personal relationship between therapist and patient and to ensure that they viewed each other as equals, Erikson preferred that patients and therapists … while seated in …
face one another;
comfortable chairs
Erikson relied less on … techniques than Freud
Erikson occasionally used free association but rarely attempted to …, a technique he called wasteful and harmful.
He believed that assessment techniques should be selected and modified to fit the … of the individual patient
formal assessment;
analyze dreams;
unique requirements
For work with emotionally disturbed children and in research on normal children and adolescents, Erikson chose … He provided a variety of toys and observed how children …
play therapy;
interacted with them
The … and … of play in play therapy revealed aspects of personality that might not be manifested verbally bc of child’s limited powers of …
form;
intensity;
verbal expression
In developing his personality theory, Erikson used data obtained primarily from …, … studies, and …
play therapy;
anthropological studies;
psychohistorical analysis
Psychohistorical analyses are essentially … studies
Erikson’s psychohistories typically focus on a …, an episode that represents a major life theme uniting …, … and … activities
biographical;
significant crisis;
past;
present;
future
psychohistorical analysis:
- Using what he called …, Erikson adopted the subject’s viewpoint as his own to assess life events through that person’s eyes
disciplined subjectivity
the … is designed to measure the development of ego identity during adolesence
The …, also for adolescents, contains 32 items to measure the dimensions of exploration and commitment
The … is a 20 item self report inventory to measure the level of generativity or stagnation in adulthood
Ego-Identity Scale;
Ego Identity Process Questionnaire;
Loyola Generativity Scale
Erikson’s primary research method was the …
Erikson used play therapy to conduct research on his theory, focusing on what he called …
- He claimed that sexual differences in the organization of a play space seemed to parallel the … of … itself
case study;
play constructions;
morphology;
genital differentiation
Basically, Erikson claimed that, based on the determining effect of biological differences, girls would build … enclosures in which people are …, and boys would build …
Erikson has been criticized for this view, which suggests that women are … of their anatomy and that their personalities are determined by the …
low;
walled in;
towers;
victims;
absence of a penis
Erikson admitted that differences in play constructions could also result from societal …, in which girls are less oriented toward …, … and … than boys are
sex-role training;
action;
aggression;
achievement
More than 50 years after erikson’s research on play constructions, traditional … with regard to toys and play behaviors persists. Most children still prefer …
gender stereotyping;
gender-based toys
A study of 2- to 4- year olds found that boys played more with a .. than with a …, whereas girls chose to play with the … and not the …
toy train;
doll;
doll;
train
Similar play results occurred with college students. Men were attracted to a … toy, a …, but only when it was painted …; they rejected the object when it was painted …, a traditional “girls” color
boy’s;
model fighter jet plane;
blue;
pink
The same kind of gender preference was found with a group of 10- to 11- year olds who were asked to choose software for computer based problems. Boys chose the software labeled …, whereas girls chose the one labeled …
“pirates”;
“princesses”
Role of parents in determining gender preferences for toys:
- parents praise children for playing with the appropriate … toy and discourage them from playing with toys intended for the …
- … treat boys and girls in a more stereotypical way than … do
gender-typed;
other sex;
fathers;
mothers
Role of parents in determining gender preferences for toys:
- Fathers treat boys and girls in a more stereotypical way than mothers do. Therefore, it is primarily the fathers who teach and reinforce …
- Fathers tend to encourage and reward …, … behaviors in girls and …, … in boys
gender-based play;
passive; compliant;
assertive; aggressive
Studies of infants aged 12 to 18 months old showed that those who had a strong emotional bond with their mothers (therefore presumed to be high in …) functioned, when observed 3 years later, at a higher … and … level than infants whose attachment to their mothers was less …
trust;
social;
emotional;
secure
Children with a well-developed sense of trust were also more …, …, and …
They were more likely to be … at games and showed greater … to the needs and feelings of others
curious;
sociable;
popular;
leaders;
sensitivity
Children low in trust were more … socially and emotionally, … to play with other children, less …, and less … in pursuing goals
withdrawn;
reluctant;
curious;
forceful
A study of survivors of the Holocaust who were interviewed 30 to 40 years after the end of WWII showed that they had dealt successfully with all of Erikson’s proposed psychosocial stages except …
The fact that they were able to cope with later developmental crises confirms Erikson’s notion that … events at later stages can counteract or overcome … early experiences.
trust vs. mistrust;
positive;
negative
When children aged 4, 8, and 11 were asked to … based on several test pictures. These were analyzed to determine which … they reflected. The results supported the themes proposed in Erikson’s theory.
make up stories;
psychosocial stage
Psychohistorical analysis of the diaries, letters, and novels of Vera Brittain, a well-known British feminist and writer, from age 21 into middle age, showed an initial concern with … This changed over time to a concern with … and then …
ego identity;
intimacy;
generativity
A study using the …, a test designed to assess adaptive and maladaptive development in Erikson’s first six stages, found a significant relationship between … and … at each stage. Another study showed a high correlation between maladaptive development in the first six stages and a sense of … and …
Inventory of Psychosocial Development;
happiness;
adaptive development;
alienation;
uprootedness
Study of adults ages 18 to 25 in Canada, which found that the period of emerging adulthood was a time of increased …
psychological well-being
Adolescents who developed trust, autonomy, initiative, and industriousness (adaptive ways of coping) in the first four stages of psychosocial development displayed a high level of … rather than …
Adolescents who had not yet resolved their identity crisis and who experienced role confusion had not developed … in the earlier stages
identity cohesion;
role confusion;
adaptive ways of coping
Three groups of men in Canada (ages 19-25, 35-55, and 65-87) were aksed to take self report measures of …, … and …
identity;
self-worth;
psychological distress
Three groups of men in Canada (ages 19-25, 35-55, and 65-87) were asked to take self report measures of identity, self worth, and psychological distress.
The younger men experienced the highest levels of … while the older men had the lowest rates of … This is in line with Erikson’s view that “the older the individual, the better one is able to … with life’s challenges due to … and … of earlier psychological dilemmas.”
distress;
distress;
cope;
exposure;
resolution
When adults in Britain ages 62 to 89 were asked to recall memories from earlier times, the results supported the psychosocial developmental stages. Memories of their first decade of life focused on issues of …, …, … and … Memories of their second decade (ages 11-20) dealt with … issues, whereas memories from young adulthood centered on …
trust;
autonomy;
initiative;
industry;
identity;
intimacy
An extensive research program on the adolescent stage of development identified five psychosocial types, or statues, for that period. These are:
- …
- …
- …
- …
- …
identity achievement;
moratorium;
foreclosure;
identity diffusion;
alienated achievement
identity achievement describes adolescents who are committed to … and … choices
These stable adolescents majored in more … areas in college, attracted to courses in … and the …
occupational;
ideological;
engineering;
physical sciences
Male and female teens who reached the identity status earlier in adolescence were found to be more likely to have a stable … in their twenties. They were also less likely to engage in …, … and high-risk … behaviors than those who had not achieved identity status
intimate romantic relationship;
binge drinking;
illegal drug use;
sexual
Studies of American, Chinese, and Turkish high school and college students found that the identity achievement status correlated highly with …, positive forms of …, …. and a stronger sense of …
self-esteem;
coping;
psychological well-being;
self
A large scale research program including more than 120 studies found that identity achievement status rose over … and …
late adolescence;
young adulthood
There is evidence that adolescents who thought seriously about what they wanted to do with their lives, and so were more likely to achieve an …, had parents who provided … and … in a loving and caring way, in contrast to parents who were either too … or too …
identity;
direction;
control;
permissive;
authoritarian
Moratorium, the second adolescent status, describes people who are still undergoing their …. Their occupational and ideological commitments are … They hold … views toward authority figures, alternately … and needing … from them.
identity crisis;
vague;
ambivalent;
rebelling;
guidance
For those in moratorium, their behavior ranges from … to … and …, and they score high in …
indecisive;
active;
creative;
anxiety
People in moratorium tend to …, believe in … and enjoy behaving …
daydream;
supernatural phenomena;
childishly
Foreclosure describes adolescents who have not yet experienced an … but who express commitment to an … and an …
identity crisis;
occupation;
ideology
Foreclosure:
- These commitments often have been determined for them by their … and do not result from the adolescents’ …
- These teens tend to be … and … and have difficulty coping with …
parents;
deliberate choice;
rigid;
authoritarian;
choice
Foreclosure:
- Those in this status tend to be …-oriented, but they focus their energy toward … rather than … goals
achievement;
external;
internal
identity diffusion:
- this status characterizes people who have no … or …, commitments in adolescence and who may not have experienced an …
occupational;
ideological;
identity crisis
identity diffusion:
- their chosen lifestyle may actively reject any kind of … and in the extreme may result in … and …
- these adolescents have … relationships with their parents, whom they see as … and …
commitments;
aimless drifting;
wandering;
distant;
indifferent;
rejecting
identity diffusion:
- studies of adolescents in Greece, Belgium and the US in the identity diffusion status showed that they ranked lower in … and … and higher in … and …
psychological adjustment;
subjective well-being;
unstable self-image;
interpersonal relationships
identity diffusion:
- studies of adolescents in Greece, Belgium and the US in the identity diffusion status showed that they were also more likely to engage in … and … behavior, to show an excessive need for … and to have …
impulsive;
self-destructive;
attention;
grandiose fantasies
Alienated achievement:
- desctibes adolescents who have experienced an …, have no … and cling to beliefs that are … of the social and economic system
identity crisis;
occupational goal;
critical
Alienated achievement:
- Their strong commitment to this rationale precludes any career that would … them in the very system they oppose.
- as students they tend to be …, … and …
entangle;
cerebral;
philosophical;
cynical
achieving an integrated ego identity:
- four of these statuses, in the following order (identity diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and identity achievement) represent increasingly … resolutions of the identity problem. Erikson predicted that people who have achieved an integrated ego identity will have … than those who are farther from resolving their identity dilemma. That prediction was supported by research on college men
successful;
greater ego sterngth
a study of hs students found that those who were more heavily involved in extracurricular and volunteer activities were higher in the ego strength of … than were those not so involved
Similar results were found with physical activity and participation in sports and exercise programs with both Japanese and American students. The more time they devoted to those kinds of activities, the stronger was their sense of …
fidelity;
ego identity;
Sex differences in Ego Identity:
- Sex differences have been found in the resolution of the identity crisis. Men in one study showed a tendency toward … and … from other people, whereas women showed a tendency toward … and … to others
separation;
detachment;
connection;
attachment
Sex differences in Ego Identity:
- male identity focuses on individual … and …, whereas female identity is more centered on …
competence;
knowledge;
relating to others
Sex differences in Ego Identity:
- When women establish an identity, they depend heavily on … Men focus more on … and … and …
social relationships;
self;
individual skills;
abilities
Sex differences in Ego Identity:
- female adolescents form an identity … than male adoelscents, but most males achieve some level of identity by the end of the …
at an earlier age;
teen years
Adolescence can be a turbulent and stressful period. Three key elements for this developmental stage have been identified:
- conflict with …, characterized by a … to …
parents;
forceful resistance;
adult authority
Adolescence can be a turbulent and stressful period. Three key elements for this developmental stage have been identified:
- …, characterized by a … emotional life, … and episodes of …
mood disruption;
volatile;
mood swings;
depression
Adolescence can be a turbulent and stressful period. Three key elements for this developmental stage have been identified:
- … behaviors, characterized by …, … and … behavior that may … themselves and others
risky;
reckless;
rule-breaking;
antisocial;
harm
a study in which 155 adolescents kept diaries of their daily interactions over a 2 week period showed that 31% of their interactions involved … with other people.
The teenage subjects reported that conflicts with their … were more important to them, and more … than were conflicts with their …
conflicts;
parents;
emotionally intense;
peers
studies tracking individuals from childhood to adolescence found that many of those who experienced depression and other emotional problems during the teen years had also suffered some form of … as children. This suggests that difficulties reported in adolesce do not necessarily arise bc of …
psychological distress;
adolescence
computer games and social media sites offer adolescents a unique, high tech opportunity to … to see which offers the best fit
try different roles
A study of MUD (multi-user dungeons) players in Germany, average age 25, found that … among the players increaed the longer they played, as did the intensity of their … with the virtual community. The degree of identification with their virtual world was thought to be as … and … as identifying with the real world
intepersonal attraction;
social identification;
intense;
satisfying
An online study of Second Life users suggested that they may not be creating entirely new “second lives” online as much as they are bringing portions of their own .., … lives into their online presentations of themselves. In other words, they are not presenting totally … or … personas online but … at least portions of their real lives into the situation
real; offline;
fictional;
imaginary;
projecting
Research has found that disclosing too much personal info online can lead some teenagers to an extended period of .., delaying the construction of a … for themselves
adolescence;
sound ego identity
A study of 7th to 9th graders found that those who had not yet developed a sense of their true selves were prone to greater use of the … than those who had a stronger sense of self and personal identity. This can lead to the danger that a person could become so absorbed in a … that it comes to replace the … Of course, that can also happen in the real world when adopting a …
social media;
virtual identity;
true developing self;
different persona
Research in Australia demonstrated that children and adolescents who score high in … and … were far more likely to communicate online with others about … and … matters than children and adolescents who score lower in these measures
loneliness;
social anxiety;
personal;
intimate
Two major studies studied women who had graduated from college during the 1940s to the mid 1960s. Data were gathered from interviews, questionnaires, and self report personality tests. Women attending college when the women’s movement began were found to have … They valued their … more than did the older women and eventually attained higher levels of …, … and …
greater aspirations;
independence;
education;
job status;
income
Two major studies studied women who had graduated from college during the 1940s to the mid 1960s. Data were gathered from interviews, questionnaires, and self report personality tests. Women attending college when the women’s movement began were more … and … in middle age than women who had passed through the adolescent stage before the advent of the women’s movement
assertive;
self-confident
One legacy of the women’s movement was that more adolescent women included a … as part of their ego identity.
Questionnaire studies of several hundred women college students revealed that those who are career oriented tended to … They … less while in college and were more wary of …
career orientation;
marry later in life;
dated;
committed relationships
Questionnaire results for college men revealed that the stronger their career identity, the more … they were to a dating relationship. Indeed, they were unlikely to become involved in a dating relationship until they felt a … to an occupation
committed;
definite commitment
Additional longitudinal research studied women who graduated from college in the 1960s and the men they married:
- measured positive emotionality (PEM) - active, happy involvement in work/social enviro
- negative emotionality (NEM) - feelings of stress, anxiety, anger and other engative emotions
Measures of these two factors, taken at various ages from the late 20s to the middle 50s, showed that in young adulthood women tended to score higher on … than did their husbands to score higher on … in late middle age
NEM;
PEM
Additional longitudinal research studied women who graduated from college in the 1960s and the men they married:
- These findings indicated that women showed greater feelings of …, … and breadth of … along with reduced … and … once the period of child rearing ended
social power;
accomplishment;
interest;
stress;
alienation
Erikson defined identity consolidation as the process of dealing successfully with the … of adult life. This involves making adjustments to the changing demands of our … He believed that identity consolidation usually occurs during the …, as people assume adult responsibilites of marriage, family and career.
social realities;
social world;
20s
identity consolidation:
- a study of women college graduates evaluated at ages 21 and 27 found that those who ranked high in … and had found an identity in … were higher in identity consolidation
ego resiliency;
marriage
identity consolidation:
- A study of women ages 22 to 60 found a positive relationship between their readiness and willingness to …, and changes in their … at different developmental stages.
- … and … was positively linked to the likelihood of exploring a different identity later in life
change;
identity commitment;
looking ahead;
contemplating life changes
identity consolidation:
- some women must also deal with changing physical realities of adult life, such as body image in breast cancer patients after surgery. A study of these women in Britain found that the alteration of body image led to an … that was difficult to resolve
identity crisis
identity crisis:
- erikson suggested that the identity crisis began around age … and was resolved, one way or another, by approximately age … However, for some people the identity crisis may not occur until later. In one study, up to 30% of the people studied were still searching for an identity as late as age …
12;
18;
24
identity crisis:
- college may … the resoluton of the identity crisis and … the period during which young adults experiement with different roles and ideologies
delay;
prolong
identity crisis:
- when ocllege students were compared with people of the same age who held full-time jobs, it was found that employed persons had acheived ego identity … than students had. The students remained longer in the …
at an earlier age;
moratorium status
identity crisis:
- Additional research suggests that the construction of a person’s identity may even be a continuing process that occurs over …
- A large scale study of adolescents in India found that girls were … than were boys
the entire life span;
higher in ego identity
Generativity in middle age appears to be significantly related to having experienced …, … parenting in childhood.
Middle aged adutls who scored high in generativity tended to believe in the … and … of human life and to feel … and … with their own life than did people who scored low in generativity
warm; affectionate;
goodness; worth;
happier;
more satisfied
Generativity:
- Common themes of the high scorers of generativity included some event of … in their early lives, sensitivity to the … of others, a stable …, … for themselves and for society. Low scorers did not record any of these themes
good fortune;
suffering;
personal belief system;
clear goals
Generativity:
- a group of middle aged adults were asked to write accounts of personally meaningful episodes from their past, including events that were high points, low points and turning points
- those who scored high in generativity were far more liekly to describe scenes in which a … life experience had been transformed into a … experience.
- Those who scored low in generativity tended to describe the opposite, in which a … life experience had been transformed into a …
negative;
positive redemptive;
positive;
negative life event
Generativity:
- when a group of college students were studied 20 years later and again 30 years later, it was found that most of those who were slow to reach ego identity in their younger years were able to … by middle age and reach the stage of …
catch up;
generativity
Generativity:
- generativity in middle age is positively correlated with … and with …
- it evokes the need to feel … and to feel … in relation to them.
- Another study associated generativity with …
power;
intimacy motivation;
close to others;
strong;
nurturance
Generativity:
- people high in generativity have scored higher on:
- …
- …
- …
- …
- …
- …
- openness to …
extraversion;
self esteem;
conscientiousness;
altruism;
competence;
dutifulness;
new experiences
Generativity:
- those high in genrativity are also more likely to be involved in …, to feel … to their community and to be more …
satisfying social relationships;
attached;
emotionally stable
Generativity:
- Those high in generativity are more likely to have …, greater … and more … They display more … behavior than those who score low on generativity
successful marriages;
success at work;
close friendships;
altruistic
Generativity:
- a strong positive association has also been found between genrativity and … This held for people at midlife who did not have children as well as for those who were parents. This relationship between generativity and well being was highest among people who reported satisfaction and success from their … and …, however, rather than satsifaction and success as a …
psychological well-being;
job; career;
parent
Generativity:
- two longitudinal studies of college educated women tested at intervals from 31 to 48 found that those who were high in generativity at midlife scored significantly higher in … than those low in generativity
- another longitudinal study of college educated women found that those who valued … and … had more fully developed identities in their 40s and were significantly higher in generativity than those who did not
emotional well-being;
social recognition;
achievement
Generativity:
- additional research on college educated women in their 40s found that, as Erikson predicted, generativity was higher during that stage of life than it was when the women were in their … However, this study also reported, contrary to Erikson’s view, that the level of generativity … in these women well into their 60s
40s;
remained at the same level
Generativity:
- In a related study, college educated women who scored high in generativity at age 43 … 10 years later. They also demonstrated a higher level of … to their aging parents and reported a higher level of care for their … and … than women scoring low in generativity at age 43
maintained that level;
care-giving;
spouses;
children
Generativity:
- Large scale technological changes may have a negative impact on the attitude of younger generations toward their elders, which may prevent … from occurring. Research in Hong Kong found a marked decrease in generativity among those older people who felt out of touch with the developments in …
- They came to believe they were not … or …, which led to a disengagement from … goals/behaviors
useful mentoring activities;
modern tech;
valued;
respected;
generative
- a study of older psychologists found that most of their memories were of … and …, the period involving the greatest number of … that affected the course of their lives
college;
early adult years;
critical decisions
other research found that elderly subjects who scored high in ego integrity devoted far more time to … to resolve … and come to a better … of their circumstances than those who scored low in ego integrity
reviewing their lives;
troubling issues;
understanding
a study of people over the age of 65 in Portugal confirmed that … brought on a feeling of ego integrity as well as psychological well being
studies of adults in their 50s and 60s found that, as Erikson predicted, acknowledging … and … related directly to their degree of life satisfaction and physical health for both men and women
reminiscing about their past lives;
regrets;
missed opportunities
A study in Belgium of adults in their 60s and 70s found that the achievement of ego integrity was linked to high feelings of …, … psychological health, a … and less … and …
subjective well-being;
positive;
lower fear of death;
bitterness; resentment
A comparisonof the younger and older stages of the life span in a sample of adults ages 17-82 found that older people were far more concerned with … and … and less concerned with …, than were younger people
The results also found a significant positive correlation between age and subjective well being
generativity;
ego integrity;
ego identity
