Exam 1 txtbk - ch 2 Flashcards
Freud caalled cocaine a … and claimed it eased his … and …
miracle drug;
depression;
chronic indigestion
freud established practice as a … in 1881 and began his exploration of the personalities of people suffering from … disorders.
he studied several months in Paris with the psychiatrist Jean Martin Charcot, a pioneer in the use of …, who alerted Freud to the possible sexual basis of neurosis
clinical neurologist;
emotional;
hypnosis
Freud believed that it was … that caused neurotic behavior in adulthood
early sexual traumas
Freud concluded that the faantasis his patienst described about sexual traumas were real to them. They believed that the shocking sexual events had actually happened. Bc the fantasies still focused on sex, then sex remained the cause of …
adult neuroses
it has been suggested that Freud changed his position ont he seduction theory bc he realized that if sexual abuse was so widespread, then many fathers would be considered suspect of … against their …
perverse acts;
children
Freud’s attitude twoard sex was negative.
he wrote about the dangers of sex, even for those who were not … and urged people to rise above what he called the … for sex
neurotic;
common animal need
Freud diagnosed himself with … and … - a neurotic condition characterized by weakness, worry, and disturbances of … and …
anxiety neurosis;
neurasthenia;
digestion;
circulation
Freud traced both of his disturbances to an accumulation of … In his writings, he proposed that neurasthenia in men resulted from …, and anxiety neurosis arose from … such as … and …
sexual tension;
masturbation;
abnormal sexual practices;
coitus interruptus (contraception);
abstinence
Freud psychoanalyzed himself through the study of …, a process he continued for the rest of his life
his own dreams
Freud’s disciples included … and …, who later broke with Freud to develop their own theories
Carl Jung;
Alfred Adler
Freud’s system of psychoanalysis was warmly welcomed in the US. Two years after his visit, American followers founded the … and the …
American Psychoanalytic Association;
New York Psychoanalytic Society
Freud wrote that instincts were the basic elements of the personality, the … forces that drive behavior and determine its …
Instincts are a form of … - transformed … - thaat connects the … of the body with the .. .of the mind
motivating;
direction;
energy;
physiological energy;
needs;
wishes
the stimuli for instincts - hunger and thirst, for example - are …
When a need such as hunger is aroused in the body, it generates a state of … or … The mind transforms this into a … It is this - the mental representation of the physiological need- that is the instinct or driving force that motivates the person to behave in a way that satisfies the need
internal;
physiological excitation;
energy;
wish
When the body is in such a state of need, the person experiences a feeling of … or … The aim of an instinct is to … and thereby …
tension;
pressure;
satisfy the need;
reduce the tension
Freud’s theory about instincts is a … approach, meaning that we are motivated to restore and maintain a condition of …, or …, to keep the body free of tension.
Freud believed that we always experience a certain level or amount of instinctual tension and that we must continually …
homeostatic;
physiological equilibrium; balance;
act to reduce it
Freud believed that psychic energy could be displaced to … and this displacement was of primary importance in determining an individual’s personality.
All the …, …, and … we display as adults were believed by Freud to be displacements of energy from the original objects that satisfied the instinctual needs
substitute objects;
interests; preferences; attitudes
The life instincts serve the purpose of … of the individual and the species by seeking to satisfy the needs for food, water, air and sex.
The life instincts are oriented toward … and …
survival;
growth;
development
The psychic energy manifested by the life instincts is the …, which can be attached to/invested in objects, a concept Freud called …
libido;
cathexis
The life instinct Freud considered most important for the personality is …, which he defined in broad terms. He was not referring exclusively to the …, but also included almost all … behaviors and thoughts
sex;
erotic;
pleasurable
According to Freud, erotic wishes arise from the body’s erogenous zones; the …, … and …
He suggested that people are predominantly … beings, and much of his personality theory revolves around the necessity of … or … our sexual longings
mouth;
anus;
sex organs;
pleasure-seeking;
inhibiting;
suppressing
in opposition to the life instincts, Freud postulated the destructive/death instincts. He stated that all living things decy and die, and believed that people have an unconscious wish to die.
One component of the death instincts is the …, which he saw as the wish to die turned against objects other than the self. This drive compels us to …, … and …
aggressive drive;
destroy;
conquer;
kill
The conscious, as Freud defined the term, corresponds to its ordinary everyday meaning. It includes all the … and … of which we are aware at any given moment.
Freud considerd the conscious to be a limited aspect of personality bc only … of our thoughts, sensations and memories exists in conscious awareness at any one time.
sensations;
experiences;
a small portion
The vast, dark depths of the unconscious are the home of the …, those wishes and desires that direct our behavior. The unconscious contains the … behind all behaviors and is the repository of forces we cannot see/control
instincts;
major driving power
The preconscious is the storehouse of all our …, … and… of which we are not consciously aware at the moment but that we can easily summon into consciousness
memories; perceptions; thoughts
The id corresponds to Freud’s earlier notion of the … (although the ego and superego have … aspects as well). The id is the reservoir for the … and … (the psychic energy manifested by the instincts). the id is a powerful structure of the personality bc it supplies all the energy for the other two components.
unconscious;
unconscious;
instincts;
libido
Because the id is the reservoir of the instincts, it is vitally and directly related to the … of …
Id operates in accordance with the … -> through its concern with tension reduction, the id functions to … and …
satisfaction; bodily needs;
increase pleasure;
avoid pain
The only ways the id can attempt to satisfy its needs are through … and … or … experience, which Freud labeled … thought
reflex action;
wish-fulfilling hallucinatory; fantasy;
primary-process thought
The growing child is taught to deal intelligently and rationally with other people and the outside world and to develop the powers of …, …, … and … - the powers adults use to satisfy their needs. Freuds called these abilities … thought
perception;
recognition;
judgment;
memory;
secondary-process
Ego is the .. of the personality. Its purpose is not to thwart the impulses of the id but to help the id obtain the … it craves.
It determines … and … times, places, and objects that will satisfy the id impulses.
rational master;
tension reduction;
appropriate; socially acceptable
The ego does not prevent id satisfaction. Rather, it tries to .., …, or … it in order to meet the demands of reality. It perceives and manipulates the environment in a practicle and realistic manner and os is said to operate in accordance with the …
postpone;
delay;
redirect;
reality principle
the ego is never … of the id, according to Freud. It is always responsive to … and derives its power and energy from the id
independent;
the id’s demands
The … and … function of the ego must be exercised constantly. If not the id impulses might come to … and … the rational ego
controlling;
postponing;
dominate;
overthrow
Superego
- Freud believed that this moral side of the personality is usually learned by the age of … and consists initially of the … of … set down by our …
5 or 6;
rules of conduct; parents
Superego:
- Those behaviors for which children are punished form the …, one part of the superego.
- The second part of the superego is the …, which consists of good, or correct, behaviors for which children have been praised
conscience;
ego-ideal
Superego:
- Its purpose is not merely to postpone the pleasure seeking demands of the id, as the ego does, but to ..,. particularly those demands concerned with … and …
inhibit them completely;
sex;
aggression
Superego strives solely for …
The ego is pressured by three dangers: …, … and the … The result of this friction, when the ego is too severely strained, is the development of …
perfection;
id;
reality;
superego;
anxiety
Freud described anxiety as an …
Freud made anxiety an important part of his personality theory, asserting that it is fundamental to the development of all … and … behavior. He suggested that the prototype of all anxiety is the …
objectless fear;
neurotic; psychotic;
birth trauma
When we cannot cope with anxiety, when we are in danger of being overwhelmed by it, the anxiety is said to be … What Freud meant by this is that the person, regardless of age, is reduced to a state of … like that experienced in …
traumatic;
helplessness;
infancy
In adult life, … is reenacted to some degree whenever the ego is threatened. Freud proposed three different types of anxiety: … anxiety, … anxiety, and … anxiety
infantile helplessness;
reality;
neurotic;
moral
The first type of anxiety, from which all others are derived, is reality anxiety (or … anxiety).
- involves a fear of … in the real world
- serves the positive purpose of guiding our behavior to … or … ourselves from actual dangers.
- OUr fear subsides when the threat is …
objective;
real dangers;
escape;
protect;
no longer present
neurotic anxiety has its basis in …, in a conflict between … and …
- children are often punished for overtly expressing sexual/aggressive impulses. Therefore, the wish to … generates anxiety
childhood;
instinctual gratification;
reality;
gratify certain id impulses
This neurotic anxiety is an unconscious fear of being … for impulsively displaying id-dominated behavior. The fear is not of the instincts themselves, but of … as a result of gratifying the instincts. The conflict becomes one between the … and … and its origin has some basis in reality
punished;
what might happen;
id;
ego
Moral anxiety results from a conflict between the … and the …
- it is a fear of one’s …
- when you are motivated to express an insinctual impulse that is contrary to your moral code, your superego retaliates by causing you to feel … or …
- Moral anxiety is a function of how … the superego si
id; superego;
conscience;
shame;
guilt;
well developed
anxiety serves as a warning ot the person that something is amiss within the personality. Anxiety induces … in the organism and thus becomes a … that the individual is motivated to satisfy. The tension must be …
tension;
drive;
reduced
anxiety alerts the individual that the ego is being … and that unless action is taken, the ego might be …
threatened;
overthrown
all behaviors are motivated by instincts; similarly, all behaviors are defensive in the sense of …
the intensity of the battle within the personality may fluctuate, but it never stops. Freud postulated severaal … and noted that we rarely use just one; we typically defend ourselves against anxiety by using several at the same time
defending against anxiety;
defense mechanisms
all defense mechanisms share two characteristics:
- they are all … or … of reality - necessary ones, though
- they all operate …
we are … of them, which means that on the conscious level we hold … or … images of our world and ourselves
denials;
distortions;
unconsciously;
unaware;
distorted; unreal
Repression is an involuntary removal of something from …
Repression can operate on … of situations or people, on our … of the present (so that we may fail to see some obviously disturbing event right in front of us), and even on the body’s …
conscious awareness;
memories;
perceptions;
physiological functioning
Once repression is operating, it is difficult to …
bc we use repression to protect ourselves from danger, in order to remove it, we would have to realize that the idea/memory is no longer …- which is hard to do bc that idea/memory is not in our conscious awareness
eliminate;
dangerous
denial is related to … and involves denying the existence of some … or … that has occurred
repression;
external threat;
traumatic event
in reaction formation, we defend ourselves against a disturbing impulse by actively …
expressing the opposite impulse
another way of defending against disturbing impulses is to … This defense mechanism is called projection
project them onto someone else
In regression, the person retreats/regresses to an … that was more pleasant and free of the current level of frustration/anxiety.
Regression usually involves a return to one of the stages of … The individual returns to this more … time of life by behaving as they did at the time, such as being childish/dependent
earlier period of life;
childhood development;
secure
Rationalization is a defnse mechanism that involves … our behavior to make it seem more … and therefore more …
reinterpreting;
rational;
acceptable
if an object that satisfies an id impulse is not available, the person may shift the impulse to … This is known as displacement.
however that sub will not reduce the tension as … as the original object would. if you are involved in a number of displacements, a reservoir of … accumulates, and you will be increasingly driven to find new ways of reducing that tension
another object;
satisfactorily;
undischarged tension
when displacement involves finding a substitute object to satisfy id impulses, sublimination involves … The instinctual energy is thus diverted into other channels of expression, ones that society considers … and …
altering the id impulses themselves;
acceptable; admirable
Freud believed that a variety of human activities, particularly those of an … nature, are manifestations of id impules that have been redicrected to socially acceptable outlets. As with … (of which sublimation is a form), sublimation is a compromise. As such, it does not bring total satisfaction but leads to a …
artistic;
displacement;
buildup of undischarged tension
When the defenses fail, we are stricken with overwhelming aniety. We feel dismal, worthless, and depressed. Unless the defenses are restored, or new ones formed to take their place, we are likely to develop .. or … symptoms. Thus, according to Freud, defenses are …
neurotic; psychotic;
necessary to our mental health
All of us are driven by the same id impulses, but there is not the same universality in the nature of the ego and superego. Althought hese structures of the personality perform the same functions for everyone, their content varies from one person to another, bc they are formed from …
experience
Freud argued that a person’s unique character type develops in …, largely from …
The chidl constantly tries to maximize pleasure by satisfying id demands, while parents, as reps of society, try to impose the demands of reality and morality. So important did Freud consider childhood experiences that he said the adult personality was firmly shaped and crystallized by the age of …
childhood;
parent-child interactions;
5
Sometimes a person is reluctant or unable to move from one psychosexual stage to the next bc the conflict …, or bc the needs have been so … by an … parent that the child doesn’t want to move on. In either case, the individual is saaid to be … at this stage of development
has not been resolved;
supremely satisfied;
indulgent;
fixated
In fixation, a portion of libido or psychic energy remains …, leaving … for the following stages
invested in that developmental stage;
less energy
Freud believed that the infant is driven to obtain a diffuse form of bodily pleasure deriving from the …, …, and …, the erogenous zones that define the stages of development during the first 5 years of life
mouth;
anus;
genitals
the oral stage, the first stage fo psychosexual development, lasts from birth until some time during the second year. During this period, the infant’s principal source of pleasure is the …
The infant derives pleasure from …, … and …
mouth;
sucking;
biting;
swallowing
Oral stage:
- During this stage, the infant is totally dependent on the … or … who becoems the primary object of the child’s libido
- How the mother responds to the infant’s demands, which at this time are solely … demands, determines the nature of the baby’s small world. The infant learns from the mother to perceive the world as either good/bad, satsifying/frustrating, safe/perilous place to be
mother;
caregiver;
id
Oral stage:
- There are two ways of behaving during this stage: … behavior (…) and … or … behavior (…)
oral incorporative;
taking in;
oral aggressive; oral sadistic;
biting/spitting out
Oral stage:
- The oral incorporative mode occurs … and involves the pleasurable stimulation of the mouth by … and by … Adults fixated at this stage become excessively concerned with oral activites, like …, …, …, and …
first;
other people;
food;
eating;
drinking;
smoking;
kissing
Oral stage:
- if, as infants, they were excessively gratified in oral incorporative stage, their adult oral personality will be predisposed to a high degree of … and …
- they continue to … and … to gratify their needs
optimism; dependency;
depend on; expect others
Oral stage:
- people fixated in oral incorporative become overly …, … everything they’re told, and … other people inordinatley
- they are labeled … personality types
gullible;
believe;
trust;
oral passive
Oral stage:
- the second oral behavior, oral aggressive/oral sadistic, occurs during the …, … of … As a result of this experience, infants come to view the mother with … as well as …
painful; frustrating eruption of teeth;
hatred; love
Oral stage:
- those who become fixated in oral sadisticd are prone to excessive …, … and …
- they are likely to be … and .., making biting remarks and displaying cruelty to others
- they tend to be … of other people and try to …. or … them in an effort to … them
pessimism;
hostility;
aggressiveness;
argumentative; sarcastic;
envious;
exploit; manipulate;
dominate
The oral stage concludes at the time of …, although some … remains if fixation has occurred
weaning;
libido
Anal stage:
- … produces erotic pleasure for the child, but with the onset of …, the child is put under pressure to learn to postpone/delay this pleasure
defecation;
toilet training
Anal stage:
- child can react to toilet training in two ways
- one way is to defecate … and … the parents don’t want them to, thus defying their attempts at …
- Chidlren who find this a satisfactory technique for reducing frustration and use it frequently may develop an … personality
- one way is to defecate … and … the parents don’t want them to, thus defying their attempts at …
whenever; wherever;
regulation;
anal aggressive
Anal stage:
- To Freud, the anal aggressive personality thing was the basis for many forms of … and … behavior in adult life, including cruelty, destructiveness and temper tantrums
- such a person is likely to be … and to consider other people as …
hostile;
sadistic;
disorderly;
objects to be possessed
Anal stage:
- 2nd way child may react to toilet training is to …
- produces a feeling of erotic pleasure (derived from a …)
- can be another successful technique for … the parents - they may become worried, even frantic. Thus, the child discovers a new method for securing … and …
retain feces;
full lower intestine;
manipulating;
parental attention; affection
Anal stage:
- retention of feces is the basis for developing … personality
- such a person becomes … and … and …/… things bc feelings of security depend on what is .. and … and on the order and in which possessions and other aspects of life are maintained
anal retentive;
stubborn; stingy;
hoards/retains;
saved; possessed
Anal stage:
- the anal retentive person is likely to be …, compulsively …, … and overly …
rigid; neat; obstinate; conscientious
children at the phallic stage display considerable interest in exploring and manipulating the …
- pleasure is derived from the… region not only through behaviors such as … but also through …
phallic conflicts are the most … to resolve
genitals;
genital;
masturbation;
fantasies;
complex ones
Phallic stage:
- the basic confict of the phallic stage centers on the unconscious desire of the child for the …
- Through … and … behavior, a boy displays his … for his mother
parent of the opposite sex;
fantasy; overt;
sxual longings
Phallic stage:
- The boy sees his father as an … and comes to look upon him as a … and a …
- he also perceives that the father has a special kind of relationship with the mother in which he is not allowed to participate. As a result, he becomes … of and … toward the father
obstacle;
rival;
threat;
jealous;
hostile
Phallic stage:
- accompanying the boy’s desire to replace his father is the fear that the father will … and …
- He interprets his fear of his father in genital terms, becoming fearful that his father will …, which is the source of the boy’s … and … –> …
retaliate; harm him;
cut off the offending organ;
pleasure;
sexual longings;
castration anxiety
Phallic stage:
- so strong is the boy’s fear of castration that he is forced to … for his mother
- To Freud, this was a way of … the Oedipal conflict
- the boy replaces the sexual longing for the mother with a more … and develops a … with the father
repress his sexual desire;
resolving;
acceptable affection;
strong identification
Phallic stage:
- Electra complex –> a girl’s first object of love is the … bc that person is the primary source of food, affection and security in infancy. During the phallic stage, however, the … becomes the girl’s new love object
- this shift occurs because of the girl’s reaction to her discovery that …
mother;
father;
boys have a penis and girls do not
Phallic stage:
- girl blames mom for her inferior condition and loves her mother less, even hating her potentially
- she comes to … her father and transfers her love to him because he …
- thus she develops …, counterpart to a boy’s castration anxiety.
envy;
possesses the highly valued sex organ; ‘
penis envy
Phallic stage:
- freud suggested that the electra complex can never be totally resolved - leads to … in women
- freud wrote that an adult woman’s love for a man is always tinged with …, for which she can partially compensate by …
- the girl comes to … with her mother and … for her father
poorly developed superego;
penis envy;
having a male child;
identify;
repress her love
Phallic stage:
- poorly resolved conflicts can cause lingering forms of … and …
- so-called phallic character/personality type evidences …
- although continually acting in ways to try to attract the opposite sex, they have difficulty establishing …
castration anxiety; penis envy;
strong narcissism;
mature heterosexual relationships
Phallic stage:
- people with the phallic personality type need constant … and … of what they see as their attractive and unique qualities.
- As long as they receive such support they function well, but when it is lacking they feel … and …
recognition;
appreciation;
inadequate; inferior
Phallic stage:
- Freud described the male phallic personality as …, … and …
- men with this personality try to assert/express their masculinity through …
- the female phallic personality, motivated by penis envy, … her femininity and uses her talents/charms to … and … men
brash;
vain;
self-assured;
repeated sexual conquests;
exaggerates;
overwhelm; conquer
Latency period:
- the three major structures, id ego and superego, have been formed by around the age of … and the relationships among them are being solidified
- not a psychosexual stage of development
- the sex instinct is … during this time and is temporarily … in school activites, hobbies, and sports and in developing friendships with members of the same sex
5;
dormant;
sublimated
Genital stage:
- final stage of development
- begins at …
- body is bcoming physiologically mature and if no major fixations have occurred at an earlier stage of development, the individual may be able to …
- Freud believed that the conflcit during this period is … than in the other stages
- the adolescent must conform to … and … that exist concerning sexual expression, but freud believed that conflict is minimized through …
- the genital personality type is able to find satisfaction in … and …, the latter being an acceptable outlet for the sublimation of the id impulses
puberty;
lead a normal life;
less intense;
societal sanctions; taboos;
sublimation;
love;
work
On the nature-nurture issue, Freud adopted a …
The id, the most powerful part of the personality, is an …, … based structure as are the stages of psychosexual development. However, other parts of our personality are …, from …
middle ground;
inherited;
physiologically based;
learned in early childhood;
parent-child interactions
Although Freud recognized universality in human nature, in that we all pass through the same stagse of psychosexual development and are motivated by the same .., he asserted that part of the personality is ..
id forces;
unique to each person
Freud held a deterministic view: virtually everything we do, think and even dream is predetermined by the … and …, the inaccessible and invisible forces within us. Our adult personality is determined by interactions that took place before we were 5, at a time when we had …
Freud also argued, however, that people who undergo psychoanalysis could achieve the ability to exercise … and take … for their choices
life and death instincts;
limited control;
increased free will;
responsibility
Freud started using hypnosis with some degree of success and called the process …, from the Greek word for purification. However, he later abandoned it partly bc he had difficulty hypnotizing some patients
adopted a new method - patients told to express spontaneously every idea and image exactly as it occurred. memories were not to be omitted, rearranged, or reconstructed. Freud believed there was nothing … about the info uncovered during free association and that it was not subject to a patient’s … The material revealed by patients in free associatoin was …, forced on them by the nature of their …
catharsis;
random;
conscious choice;
predetermined;
conflict
Free Association:
- Some experiences/memories were evidently too painful to talk about and the patient would be reluctant to disclose them. Freud called these moments … He believed they were significant bc they indicated that the analysis was getting close to the .. Resistance is a sign that the treatment is… and that the analyst should continue to ..
resistances;
source of the patient’s problems;
heading in the right direction;
probe in that area
Freud believed that dreams represent, in symbolic form, …, … and …
repressed desires;
fears;
conflicts
two aspects of dreams:
… content: actual events of dream
… content: hidden symbolic meaning
manifest;
latent
regarding dreams:
- Freud described in a book that only a few of his dreams had … despite his conviction that dreams typically involve some … wish
- the dominant theme in Freud’s reported dreams was …
sexual content;
infantile sex;
ambition
both free association and dream analysis reveal a great deal of … material, but all of it is in …/… form
the therapist must … the material for the patient
repressed;
disguised; symbolic;
interpret
fundamnetal criticism of freud’s case studies involves the nature of his data. he did not keep … records of the therapy sessions and warned analysts against … during sessions, believing it would distract their attention from their patients’ words
also possible that freud’s memory of his sessions was … and that he recorded only experiences that … or that he interpreted those experiences in ways that would support his theory
verbatim;
taking notes;
selective;
supported his theory
First step in Freud’s research, the collection of data, must be characterized as … and possibly …
some critics suggest that Freud’s patients did not actually reveal … bc in most cases, those experiences hadn’t occurred
incomplete; inaccurate;
childhood sexual experiences
Critics agree that Freud was … accounts of childhood seduction, without hearing his patients say so, bc he had already formed the hypothesis that such seductions were the true case of …
Still others charge that Freud may have used the power of suggestion to … of … that had never taken place
suggesting;
adult neuroses;
implant alleged memories;
childhood seduction
Another criticism of Freud’s research is that it is based on a … and … sample of people, restricted to himself and those who sought psychoanalysis with him.
In addition, there may be … between Freud’s notes on his therapy sessions and the case histories he publishes, which supposedly were based on these notes.
It has been argued that none of Freud’s handful of published case histories provides … for his theory
small;
unrepresentative;
discrepancies;
compelling supporting evidence
Difficulty arises bc Freud’s observations cannot be … We have no way of knowing exactly what he did in … and in translating his observations into … and …
repeated;
collecting his data;
hypotheses; generalizations
Researchers found that some Freudian concepts - notably the id, ego, superego, death wish, libido, and anxiety could not be tested by the … method. Concepts that could be tested aand which evidence appeared to support (however slightly) included the … and … character types, the basic concept of the …, …, and the notion that females resolve the Oedipal dilemma by having a … as compensation for the …
experimental;
oral; anal;
Oedipal triangle;
castration anxiety;
child;
lack of penis
Freudian concepts not supported by research evidence included those of dreams as disguised expressions of …, resolution of the male Oedipus complex by … and acceptance of the father’s … out of fear, and the idea that women have …
In addition, researchers found no evidence to support the … or a relationship between Oedipal variables and … problems later in life
repressed wishes;
identification with the faterh;
superego standards;
inadequately developed superegos
Current research shows that unconscious influences may be … than Freud suggested
psychologists also reocgnize that much of the … involved in cognitive activities is unconscious. some even propose that the … mechanisms underlying all behavior and thought may be unconscious.
even more pervasive;
information processing;
causal mechanisms
much research on the nature of the unconscious involves … in which stimuli are presented to people below their level of conscious awareness.
Despite their inability to perceive the stimuli, their … and… are activated by the stimuli. In other words, people can be influenced by things they are not consciously aware of seeing.
Many such studies using this idea support the notion that cognitive activity is … by the …
subliminal perception;
conscious processes; behaviors;
influenced; unconscious
a series of experiements on US colelge students and those in Germany showed that goals could be aroused/activated …
In addition, behaviors to … were then displayed, even though the students were not consciously aware of doing so
outside of conscious awareness;
satisfy these goals
other imaginative research has demonstarted that the unconscious can influence … as well as … and … processes
emotional;
cognitive;
behavioral
A subliminally presented message has been shown to have …
A study of adults in England found that those who scored high in anxiety sensitivity were far more likely to see … that were presented below the level of conscious awareness than were adults who scored low in anxiety sensitivity
other research has shown that subliminally presented stimuli (in this case, fearful faces) actually raised the … of the subjects, even though they did not actually see the stimuli
therapeutic value;
anxiety-related words;
physiological stress levels
Ego control refers to the amount of control we are able to exert over our … and … The degree of ego control ranges from … (in which we are unable to restrain any impulses and feelings) to … (in which we tightly inhibit the expression of our impulses). both extremes are considered maladaptive
impulses;
feelings;
under-controlled;
over-controlled
ego resiliency refers to our flexibility in adjusting or changing our typical level of ego control to meet the daily …
Persons with little ego resiliency are referred to as “…” meaning they are unable to alter their level of ego control to meet … or … situations. Those high in ego resiliency are … and ..,. able to tighten/loosen their degree of ego control as the situation warrants
changes in our environment;
ego brittle;
challenges;
difficult life situations;
flexible; adaptable
Researachers suggested that … situations, … and … or other … experiences tend to lower ego resiliency
difficult life;
setbacks;
failures;
negative
children who score low on measures of ego control are rated by their teachers as being more … and less … and … than children who score high on ego control.
children who score high on ego resiliency are rated by their teachers as better able to cope with …, lower in … and less in need of … than children low in ego resiliency
aggressive;
compliant;
stress;
anxiety;
reassurance
A study of 5-year-old children in the Netherlands found that those with low ego resiliency showed physiological sigsn of … during negative situations, typically interactions with their parents
high ego resiliency also correlated positively with .., good grades in school, … with peers, greater … and better ….
higher stress;
general intelligence;
popularity;
life satisfaction;
social functioning
low ego control in boys and girls, and low ego resiliency in girls, was related positively to … in adolescence
drug abuse
research using college students found that those low in ego control tended be be:
…,
…
…
…
…
unpredictable;
assertive;
rebellious;
moody; ‘
self-indulgent
research with college students -> those very high in ego control were described as:
…
…
…
…
bland;
consistent;
dependable;
calm
research with college students ->students rated high in ego resilience were:
…
…
…
…
assertive;
poised;
socially skilled;
cheerful
a longitudinal study that periodically assessed ego control/resiliency in american subjects from 3-23 found that both were generally … later in life than in childhood. individual differences in ego control were seen at various ages, suggesting that one’s level of ego control could be …
stronger;
identified early
research in Italy found a marked stability in ego resilience from ages … to … for both males and females.
Studies in Sweden found that boys tended to become … ego resilient in adolescence while girls became … ego resilient. These results suggest the possiblity of … and … differences in ego resiliency
16; 20;
less;
more;
cultural; gender
ego resiliency is also related to …
those who score high in ego resiliency also score high in subjective …, …, and …
positive mental health;
well-being;
extraversion;
agreeableness
To Freud, catharsis involved the … of an emotion by … which often led to relief of the disturbing symptom
physicla expression;
recalling a traumatic event
two groups of college students were exposed to messages that either supported/disputed the notion that cathartic behavior is a good way to relieve anger. some of them were provoked to anger - todl that their paper was one of the worst essays ever written
students who were provoked and who had read the pro-catharsis message were more prone to … In a second experiment, those who received the pro-catharsis message not only hit the punching bag but also behaved aggressively toward … They even displayed heightened aggression toward …
act out their aggression by hitting a punching bag;
the person who annoyed them;
innocent people
experiment about catharsis and the bad essays:
- hitting the punching bag had not been cathartic and actually may have … their anger
- other research confirms that venting anger served to increase the likelihood of … and did not …
increased;
expressing more anger;
reduce negative emotions
analysis found that the more negative and stressful the setting or context in which displacement occurs, the … of that displacement
a study of college students found that those in a group that was provoked to anger, and then left to sepnd 25 mins focusing their attention on their anger, were more likely to demonstrate … than those whose experimental condition did not include the brooding. The researchers concluded that dwelling on our anger … and is likely to cause it to be …
greater the intensity;
displaced aggression;
maintains the feeling;
expressed outwardly in aggressive behavior
in one study, subjects memorized two lists of words that were flashed on a screen. some words were conceputally similar. subjects given electric shock with some words on the first list. no shocks for second list
subjects forgot the words that had been … but recalled those that were …
also repressed words on the second list that were … to the words on the first list that had been …
accompanied by shock
not accompanied by shock
conceptually similar;
accompanied by shock
repressors tend to be low in … and high in … and to have significantly poorer recall of … from childhood
also more likely to avoid … than non-repressors
anxiety;
defensiveness;
negative memories;
romantic attachments
repressors are less likely to … and … and to score higher than non-repressors on the blief that excessive drinking … to …
repressors have also been shown to be much more likely than non-repressors to deny possessing personality traits they had identified as …
smoke; drink;
would not lead; harmful personal consequences;
personally emotionally threatening
When some subjects were shown pictures of neutral, nonthreatening stimuli and pictures of embarrassing, threatening stimuli, the repressors avoided even … at the threaten- ing ones.
When repressors were asked to free-associate to phrases with sexual or aggres- sive content (presumably threatening material), physiological measurements showed them to be …, yet their verbal responses gave no hint of anger or sexual arousal because they had repressed ….
Non-repressors did not …, and this was evident in their verbal responses
looking;
highly emotionally aroused;
their emotional reactions;
inhibit their emotional rxns
In another study, repressors and non-repressors were shown a grisly and disturbing film about animal mutation and lingering death from the effects of nuclear testing. When they were asked to recall a personal experience that made them happy, repressors remembered more …and …than did non-repressors.
The researchers concluded that the repressors coped with the negative stimuli in the film by accessing …. Thus, repressors did not experience to the same fre- quency and degree as non-repressors the distressing emotional states engendered by the film. The repressors were not merely pretending to be unaffected; they had repressed the experience successfully
pleasant events; thoughts;
positive memories;
sick children were more likely than healthy children to be … and less likely to …
repressors;
express anger
accusing another person of lying and cheating in a game increased the amount of blame placed on that person and reduced the amount of blame the subjects …for showing the same negative behaviors (Rucker & Pratkanis, 2001).
Adults who were of a … as children are more likely to use projection than those who were raised in … families
placed on themselves;
higher social class;
lower-class
A study of unemployed job seekers found that they projected their feelings of depression about the stresses of unemployment onto ….when asked to make everyday judgments about them.
In addition, the more alike the partners were on a psychological measure of depres- sion, the greater was the tendency for one to …when judging the other.
their partners;
project that feeling
Studies have found a hierarchy among the Freudian defense mechanisms in which the simpler ones are used … in life and the more complex ones emerge …
For example, denial, which is a simple, low-level defense mechanism, is used mostly by …. and less often by …
earlier;
as we grow older;
young children;
adolescents;
…, a more complex defense, is used considerably more by adolescents than by younger children.
…is also used more frequently by boys. Girls are more likely to use the more complex mechanisms of …, …, and …
Identification;
Denial;
regression; displacement; reaction formation
the use of … and … defense mechanisms decreased with age wheareas … increased with age
denial;
projection;
identification
a longitudinal study of 150 students ages 11 to 18 found that the projection and identification defenses were used more often than …, and that their use increased from … to …
denial;
early; late adolescence
male subjects who at age 23 were still using denial had a number of … that had been identified when they were in nursery school
for women subjects, no such clear relationship was found between childhood personality aand the continued use of denial at age 23. the authors of the study suggested that boys might be more vulnerable to … than girls
psychological problems;
stress
A study of American adults found that the use of … and … as defense mechanisms decreased from adolescence to early old age in the mid-60s.
Subjects older than that, however, reverted to the more maladaptive defenses they had used when they were younger
displacement;
regression;
Two studies conducted in Canada demonstrated that adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa (an eating disorder), and older women who had been victims of spouse abuse, were far more likely to use …as a coping mechanism than were girls or women who were not in these categories.
The researchers suggested that by unconsciously …their difficulties, the girls and women were attempting to … or … them- selves from their situations
denial;
deny- ing;
minimize;
distance
A study of adult men found that those who tried to protect themselves from feelings of weakness by being more powerful and competitive and avoiding emotional expression tended to use …. defense mechanisms.
Those men who did not feel so great a need to be more powerful than others and who could express their emotions more freely used … defense mechanisms
Research has also found that parents who abuse their children tend to use the immature defense mechanism of …
more immature;
more mature;
denial
In an unusual study of Asians and Americans, a group of Americans was compared with a group of Asian Buddhists living in Thailand. The researchers found a strong similarity between people in the two cul- tures in their use of:
…
…
…
…
…
…
regression,
reaction formation,
projection,
repression,
denial, and
compensation
Early research on dreams confirmed Freud’s idea that dreams in disguised or symbolic form reflect … However, research does not support his idea that dreams represent a …. or …
emotional concerns
fulfillment of wishes; desires
a great deal of research confirms that dreams also reflect .. and that the … of these experiences, as well as the person’s …, influences the dream stories
everyday experiences;
emotional intensity;
mood;
research in a sleep lab in Germany found that a mere 10 secs of exposure to the smell of roses when the subjects were asleep resulted in … dreams than being exposed to the smell of rotten eggs
more pleasant
studies of adults in the US and in Germany found that women … their dreams mroe than men do, maybe bc women … more freuqnelty during the night.
men dream more about … characters, while women dream more or less equally about gendered characters.
men have many more … dreams than women do
recall;
wake up;
male;
aggresive
those with lower levels of psychological well-being reported more dreaams of … toward others, … emotions, and … and …
Those with higher levels of psychological well-being reported dreams of … interactions with others, … emoitons and … and …
aggression;
negative;
failure;
misfortune;
friendly;
positive;
success;
good fortune
college students often dream about …
male students dream more about … with friends, while female students dream more about …, … and …
sex;
bonding;
pregnancy;
weddings;
shopping
people who spend a lot of time playing video gaames tend to have more bizarre dreams containing … and … characters than people who don’t play much video games
large scale studies of children in Britain showed that what they … as well as what they … affected the contents of their dreams
dead; imaginary;
watched on TV; read
the more time the kids spent on any one activity, the more it influenced their dreams
when Chinese college students were asked whether they dreamt in black/white or color, those who had watched more black/white tv and films dreamed in … and those who had more exposure to color TV and movies dreamed in …
among students who had experienced traumas, those who played a lot of video games were … troubled by nightmares. This was only true for …
black/white;
color;
less;
men
research on the Parintintin Indians of Brazil’s Amazon rain forest showed that tye believe dreams are a means of …
comparison of the dreams of college studnets in US and China –> chinese students reported more … people in their dreams and fewer … situatiosn than Americans. CHinese dreams contained more Freudian …
telling the future;
familiar;
aggressive;
sex symbols
study of white and asian-american college students showed that in childhood, whites were much more likely to … about their dreams. also more likely as they got older to … their dreams to … and place a … on their dreams.
asians more secretive about their dreams and more reluctant to talk about them
tell their parents;
describe;
friends;
high value
Research comparing the contents of dreams reported by Iranian and American college students found that the Iranians were far more likely to dream about:
people they …,
to dream about events taking place …,
and to experience more … emotions in their dreams than the American sample
know;
indoors;
positive
people in both eastern and western cultures tend to agree that dreams may contain … that can provide useful info about themselves and their environment
a group of Japanese researchers have determined that it is possible for computers to … and … that are taking place in dreamers’ minds when they are asleep
hidden personal truths;
interpret;
recognize the visual images
most psychological research leads to the conclusion that there is … to Freud’s concept of the Oedipus complex.
Parents of boys and girsl ages 3-6 were asked to record affectionate behaviors and aggressive/hostile behaviors their children directed toward them. results showed acts of affected toward parent of the … sex and aggression toward the parent of the … sex occurred much more frequently. these behaviors were greatest around age … and began to declien by age …
no validity at all;
opposite;
same;
4;
5
a classic study found that significantly more men reported dreams reflecting …
significantly more women reported dreams reflecting … or …
castration anxiety;
castration wishes; penis envy
Freud proposed that penis envy in girls leads them to view the father as al ove object, a desire later supplanted by the wish for a baby. in an experimental test of this proposal, college-age women exposed to subliminal messages containing pregnancy themes.
their later responses on an inkblot test were found to contain significantly more … imagery than responses of women in the control group or of college-age men exposed to the same stimuli. the researchers claim that these results support Freud’s belief that pregnancy has … for women
phallic;
phallic significance
children who were ambivalnet toward their fathers (viewed them with mix of love and hate) displayed a … attachment toward other people than did those who did not feel ambivalent towards their fathers.
Researchers noted that this finding supports Freud’s insistence on the importance of the … in influencing the child’s …
less secure;
father;
later relationships
investigation of the oral personaity type showed a strong relationship between the oral orientaiton, as identified by the Rorschac, and … –> supports Freud’s contention that oral types are preoccupied with eating and drinkin
another study found oral personality types to be more conforming to the … than anal personality types –> according to Freud, oral personalities are … and … than anal personalities (results support this)
obsesity;
suggestions of an authority figure;
dependent; submissive
Freud also contended that women were more … than men were, but later research found no such difference
there is little empirical evidence for the … personality type
orally dependent;
phallic
research on personality development over time indicate that the personality characteristics of preschool children …, as shown by follow-up studies conducted over 6-7 years.
Other studies suggest that the … years (ages …-…) may be more important in establishing adult personality patterns than the early childhood years
jerome Kagan reviewed the literature and concluded that personality appears to depend more on … and … in later childhood than on early parent-child interactions
changed dramatically;
middle childhood; 7-12;
temperament; experiences
according to Freud, what appears to be ordinary forgetting/casual lapse in speech is a reflection of … or …
Two groups of men shown same pairs of words flashed on screen. When a buzzer sounded, they werew asked to say the words aloud. one group had electrodes attached to their bodies and were told to expect a painful shock. the second group was exposed to an attractive woman as the experimental to provoke ….
unconscious motives; anxieties;
sexual anxiety
study about freudian slips and the men with shocks/the woman:
- men anxious about the electric shock made verbal slips such as damn shock for sham dock. those in sexual anxiety condition revealed that anxiety in verbal slips such as nude breasts for brood nests.
- those whos cored high on the sexual anxiety test made the greatest number of … Freudian slips
- men in a control group exposed to the same words but neither anxiety arousing situation didn’t make verbal slips.
- Not all lapses in speech are Freudian slips but research suggests that at least some may be … revealing themselves in embarrassing ways
sex-related;
hidden anxieties
research on repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse has found ample evidence that such abuse can be forgotten for years before being recaleld. study of women who had either repressed their memories, recovered them, or never forgotten them found that those who reported recovered memories scored higher on measures of … and …
despite evidence to support existence of repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse, research has also demonstrated how easily … can be implanted and recollections …, to the point where something that never occurred can be made conscious and appear to be genuine
fantasy proneness; dissociation;
false memories;
distorted
a study involving college students in Italy showed that … could be used to implant false memories.
half tof the students were told by a psychologist that their dreams were manifestations of repressed memories of traumatic childhood events. all subjects selected claimed prior to experiment that they had no traumatic events in their childhood. when questioned 10-15 days after the dream interpretations, the majority of subjects agreed that the traumatic experiences …
dream interpretations;
had really happened
men and women who were sexually abused as children have strong tendencies toward:
…
…
…
…
…
anxiety;
depression;
self-destructiveness;
low self-esteem;
suicide
Anna Freud worked only with … She established a clinic and a center to train analysts in the building next door to her father’s home in London
She revised orthodox psychoanalysis by … the role of the ego, arguing that the ego operates ….
she also clarified the operation of …
children;
greatly expanding;
independently of the id;
defense mechanisms
psychoanalysis contributed to the growing interest of American psychologists in the study of … beginning in the 1930s.
in the 1940s and 1950s, the ideas of psychoanalysis influenced the emerging study of … in psych
contemporary psychology has absorbed many Freudian concpets, including the role of the …, the importance of … in shaping adult behavior, and the operation of the …
personality;
motivation;
unconscious;
childhood experiences;
defense mechanisms
use of … can enhance the effectiveness of psychoanalysis, esp among elderly. These have been successful in enhancing … and … impairments and in improving … among patients
social robots;
physical;
cognitive;
well-being
The trend away from orthodox psychoanalysis in the United States has also been reinforced by the … to total health care.
It is considerably less costly for insurance companies to approve a treatment regimen that involves simply prescribing a drug rather than a course of psychoanalysis that might last …
In addition, managed care demands … of the effectiveness of therapeutic treatment before providing insurance reimbursement and the evidence for the effectiveness of psy- chotherapy is weak.
managed-care approach;
several years.;
empirical evidence
some argue that Freud placed too great an emphasis on … as determinants of personality
others challeng Freud’s focus on … and … as major motivating forces and believe that we are shaped more by … experiences
instinctual biological forces;
sex; aggression;
social
some theorists disagree with freud’s deterministic view of human nature, suggesting that we have more free will than Freud acknowledged, and that we can choose to act and grow spontaneously.
another criticism focuses on Freud’s emphasis on … behavior to the exclusion of our … and … These theorists argue that we are also influenced by the future, by our hopes and plans, as much as or more than by our experiences before age 5.
past;
goals; aspirations
Other personality theorists think Freud paid too much attention to the …, to the exclusion of the psychologically … and emotionally …
emotionally disturbed;
healthy;
mature
Theorists also take exception to Freud’s views on women, specifically to the concepts of …, women’s poorly developed …, and women’s inferiority feelings about their …
… definitions of certain Freudian concepts have also been questioned. Critics point to confusion and contradiction in such terms as id, ego, and superego. Are they distinct physical structures in the brain? Are they fluid processes?
penis envy;
superegos;
bodies;
ambiguous
