Exam 3 Part 4

Question 1

signal transduction

Answer 1

the relay of a message from one cell to another and/or between macromolecules within a single cell. The relay can involve the conversion of the message

Question 2

what can be used as a signal?

Answer 2

nucleotides
neurotransmitter
ions, fats
hormones

Question 3

Types of cell-cell signalling

Answer 3

endocrine
paracrine
juxtacrine
autocrine

Question 4

endocrine signal

Answer 4

long-range (hormone)

Question 5

paracrine signal

Answer 5

nearby (w/in neighborhood)

Question 6

juxtacrine

Answer 6

next-door

Question 7

autocrine

Answer 7

signal itself signals the cell that made it

Question 8

development of cells and cell signalling

Answer 8

cells sensative to juxtacrine signalling as well as the environment/matrix which contains the cues for behavior1

Question 9

speed of signal transduction

Answer 9

varies by the effect it elicits

Question 10

speed of signal transduction

Answer 10

varies by the effect it elicits

Question 11

altered protein function

Answer 11

conformational changes - like binding hydrolysis, expose parts of protein, phosphorylation, GTPase

Question 12

signalling transmission difference

Answer 12

makes the extracellular signal have diverse effects

Question 13

signalling rules

Answer 13

-There is no such thing as an isolated signal
-signalling is not linear
think conformationally

Question 14

no such thing as an isolated signal

Answer 14

problematic bc how do we know what is doing what? can’t trust variables

Question 15

intracellular receptors

Answer 15

small hydrophobic signal molecule -does not need a receptor

Question 16

nitric oxide

Answer 16

great diffusible signal between cells - relaxes cells like blood vessels

Question 17

good endocrine signals

Answer 17

steroid and thyroid hormones (chlosterol based)

Question 18

membrane-permeale hormones

Answer 18

still interaction with receptors like sex hormones

receptor allows entry into cell and the nucleus