Exam 2 Part 3

Question 1

metabolism

Answer 1

stepwise energy generation
-lot of repurposing and reusing
enzymes control every step

Question 2

energy production

Answer 2

complete oxidation with wastes CO2, H2O and e- carriers

Question 3

energy sensing

Answer 3

cell looks at energy level
(measures ATP:AMP)
How much ATP do we have?

Question 4

substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 4

direct transfer of phosphate group to ADP

Question 5

glycolysis

Answer 5

occurs in cytosol
2ATP + 1 glucose -> 2 pyruvate + NADH + 4 ATP
glucose not completely oxidized

Question 6

glycolysis regulation

Answer 6

by allosteric regulation

-phosphorylate enyme with ATP

Question 7

destablization of glucose

Answer 7

during glycolysis

phosphorylation of glucose (traps it in cell)

Question 8

fermentation

Answer 8

regeneration of NAD+
does not completely oxidize pyruvate
yields either lactate or ethanol

Question 9

lactate

Answer 9

produced by fermentation
MUST get rid of it - or eventual death
cannot ferment with this product indefinitely

Question 10

mitochondria

Answer 10

site of CAC and electron transport chain
product of endosymbiosis
-divide by fission (on own)
-DNA homologous to Rickettsia
-double membrane

Question 11

mitochondria locations and shape

Answer 11

located in lots of muscles, flagella, overlap with each other in cells
-placed well to provide energy

Question 12

matrix

Answer 12

innermost part of mitochondria

Question 13

inner membrane

Answer 13

in mitochondria - invaginate(cristae) in folds for more surface area
super selective - tight control

Question 14

cristae

Answer 14

invaginations of inner membrane

Question 15

outer membrane

Answer 15

outer part of mitochondria

very porous - not very selective - almost freely diffusive

Question 16

inter membrane space

Answer 16

space between the two mitochondrial membranes

Question 17

acetyl CoA

Answer 17

needed to begin CAC

made from pyruvate

Question 18

citric acid cycle

Answer 18

in the mitochondria matrix
complete oxidation of glucose
6 C molecule -> 4C molecule + 2CO2 (fully oxidized C) +NADH+FADH2+GTP
O2 NOT involved

Question 19

CAC products per 1 pyruvate

Answer 19

3 CO2
4 NADH => 3 NADH +1 (pyruvate -> acetyl CoA)
1 FADH2
1 GTP

Question 20

CAC regulation

Answer 20

pyruvate to acetyl CoA - cycle can’t run without acetyl CoA

Question 21

CAC and glucose

Answer 21

cycle runs twice for each molecule of glucose because glycolysis produces 2 molecules of pyruvate

Question 22

CAC and GTP

Answer 22

production of GTP during CAC is substrate level phosphorylation

Question 23

CAC molecules produced during cycle

Answer 23

molecules produced during can be used for other processes - feeds energy into metabolism

Question 24

phosphorylated glucose

Answer 24

glycogen -stored for later use

Question 25

storage in adipose cells

Answer 25

2 fatty acid chains with 1 glucose backbone | more fully reduced and have more energy

Question 26

B-oxidation cycles needed to chop up fatty acids

Answer 26

#C/2 -1

Question 27

B-oxidation

Answer 27

feeding storage fats into energy generation

Question 28

B-oxidation product generation

Answer 28

loss of 2 ATP and yield of 1 NADH and 1 FADH2 per cycle | minus 1 FADH2 total with each double bond

Question 29

NADH from glycolysis proton pumping

Answer 29

6 b/c uses energy to travel into mitochondria

Question 30

NADH from CAC and B-ox proton pumping

Answer 30

10 protons

Question 31

FADH2 from CAC and B-ox proton pumping

Answer 31

6 protons

Question 32

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 32

uses electrons to generate a gradient to phosphorylate ATP

Question 33

ATP synthase

Answer 33

enzyme on inner membrane that uses proton gradient to phosphorylate ATP (ox phos)

Question 34

FADH2 electron transport complexes

Answer 34

II->III-> IV

Question 35

NADH electron transport complexes

Answer 35

I ->III-> IV

Question 36

cytochrome

Answer 36

e- carrier between III and IV complex - is the most highly conserved protein

Question 37

proton motive force

Answer 37

concentration gradient and electropotential carries protons through - REALLY FAVORABLE

Question 38

ATP synthase conformation

Answer 38

bump on rotator changes the conformation of stator which turns ADP to ATP

Question 39

proton gradient in mitochondria

Answer 39

needed to help move ATP out of mitochondria | 4 protons to make and deliver ATP