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Plant, Algal, Fungal Diversity/Adaptation > exam 3 (lect 23) > Flashcards

exam 3 (lect 23) Flashcards

1
Q

later diverging lineages

A

ascomycota and basidiomycota

sister MONO phyletic groups

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2
Q

coencytic

A

early diverging fungal lineages do not have consistent partitions between cells

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3
Q

fungal mycelium

A

madee up of cells containing multiple nuclei and continuous cytoplasmic conncetions

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4
Q

septate

A

dikaryotic fungi
consistently partitioned by cross walls
ex. neurospora (asco)
ganoderma (basid)

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5
Q

asco septal porosity

A 
Woronin bodies (tethered balls), septal pore proteins
plug septal pores, allow high velocity flows
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6
Q

basid septal porosity

A

dolipore septa with caps (aka parenthesomes)
septal pore swelling)
dolipore (central pore in septum)

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7
Q

non-newtonian septal flow

A

newtonian - symmetrical flow rates on both sides
NOT true in fungal hyphae
slow down as go through septa

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8
Q

septa functional roles

A
  1. protect against terminal leakage
  2. compartmentalization
  3. separate mother and daughter cells
  4. ensure correct nuclei are present following cell division
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9
Q

plasmogamy

A

cells fuse together but not nuclei

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10
Q

karyogamy

A

nuclei fuse together

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11
Q

dikarya

A

decoupled plasmogamy and karyogamy
N+N
two genetically distinct haploid nuclei at same time
dikaryon

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12
Q

dikaryotic hyphae present

A

in two major fungal lineages (asco, basid)
>95% of species in kingdom
derived state!!

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13
Q

split gill fungus experiment

A

fungal evolution of dikarya
schizophyllum commune (basid)
test for increased growth speede

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14
Q

monokaryons v dikaryons in growth speede

A

mono - avg growth is faster

dikary - slower rate but able to increase rate over change and potentially grow faster

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15
Q

evolutionary benefits of dikaryon

A

if deleterious mutation in one nuclei, other compensates for it
phenotypic plasticity
masking/unmasking allelic/genotypic variation

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16
Q

ascomycota

A

64000 (1/2 of known fungi)

MONO phyletic

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17
Q

ascomycota: habitat, ecology, growth form, septation

A

habitat: both teerrestrial and aquatic
ecology: free-living, symbionts
growth form: hyphal and unicellular (some dimorphic)
septation: present!

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18
Q

asco key features

A

spores in ascus (sac)
diaryotic stage shorter compared to basid
Woronin bodies
crozier cells (isolate nuclei)

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19
Q

asco life cycle

A

conidiophores and conidia (asexual reproduction)
asocarp is outer wrapping for spore bearing surface
croziers hold N+N nuclei in one cell
2X meiosis 8 N spores
asexual spores not contained in sporangium

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20
Q

famous asco

A 
morchella esculenta (state shroom)
penicillum chrysogenum (=notatum) - antibiotic penicillin
tuber gibbosum (truffle)
21
Q

pseudogymnoascus destructans

A

causes white nose syndrome in bats

22
Q

why does penicillium have 2 names?

A

penicillium macrosporum (asexual)
equal to Talaromyces macrosporus (sexual spores)
Named based on teleomorph/sexual stage!

23
Q

basidiomycota

A

species richness 32000 species (.5 of asco)

MONOphyletic

24
Q

basidiomycota: habitat, ecology, growth form, septation

A

habitat: terrestrial majority
ecology: saprobes (Decomposer), pathogens, symbionts
growth form: hyphal and unicellular
septation: preseent!

25
basid key features
spores on basidia (club) clamp connections dolipore septa (cap, swelling) longer dikaryotic stage
26
basid life cycle
dikaryotic throughout vegetative state (unlike asco) | 4 spores as result of 2X meiosis
27
clamp connections
basid temporarily bridge terminal hypha with cell behind it allows nuclear migration during mitosis ensures each cell has a set of differing nuclei
28
famous basid
mushrooms (agaricomycotina, amanita) rusts (pucciniomycotina) smuts (ustilaginomycotina), corn pustules
29
entorrhizomycota
new phylum in dikaryotic clade sedge (grass like plant) with fungal galls on roots hyphal spirals and packets of spores inside gall
30
entorrhiza fungi morphologiy
septal pore has pore swelling at tip like dolipore (basid) gall structure new MONOphyletic group needs genome for phylum status resolve
31
organisms in lichen
mycobiont + photobiont myco - fungi, heterotroph, does not make C photo - algaee or cyanobacteria
32
lichen symbiosis
get name from fungal partner (mycobiont) multiple origins, independently evolved cyanobacteria photobionts are monophyletic but NOT algal
33
where do lichens live?
all types of land enviros dominate more land surface than tropical rain forest most abundant in extreme enviro (high/low temps, low precip, high light) ex antarctica: 2 plant speciees, over 350 lichen species that grow inside rocks for protection
34
lichen morphology
thallus body parter in photobiont layer huastorium - plug like structure that takes sugar alcohol produced by photobiont, projection that can penetrate tissue
35
lichen reproduction
soredia - dusty surface, wrapped up algae and hyphal linked propagules - fragments, isidia asexual reproduction --> keeps symbionts together apothecia - cup-like fungal structure sexual requires de nono associations, separate symbionts
36
lichen growth
SLOW depend on air and rain for all nutrients to diffuse into surface (no roots) no outer cuticle layer --> sensitive to moisture and enviro changes poikilohydric, opportunistic growth
37
lichen photosynthetic ratees
lecanora muralis early breakfast response highest water content in early morning, not too much light, highest photosynthesis
38
how do lichens tolerate extremes
1. boundary layer - temp and wind dessication diff, lower to ground 2. when thallus drying, sugars pumped into cells to fill space and stabilize cell structures, suspension of cell NOT collapse 3. in dessicateed state, not damaged by temp and light extremes (poikilohydric) 4. living in symbiosis, partners can prod molecules that reduce enviro stress (ex. high light increase oxygen radicals which is dnagerous to cell)
39
schwendener 1869
lichen symbiosis described as parasitisim by fungi on photobiont
40
kanner et al 2005
``` is lichen symbiosis a mutualism? stress tolerance cladonia vulcani (fruticose reindeer licheen) ```
41
O2 radical (ROS) scavenging
formed during desiccating conditions Fungi Alga - use GSH, alpha tocopherol, beta-carotene fungal - use only GSH (glutathione)
42
cladonia vulcani
fruticose reindeer lichen mycobiont cladonia vulcani photobiont trebousxia excentrica (algae)
43
comparison of ROS scavenging lichen symbiosis
algae better able to deal with desicaction | fungi has better stress tolerance and is more similar to undesiccated with partner
44
Wila study
``` bryoria fremontii (edible, brown) bryoria tortuosa (toxic, yellow, vulpinic acid) cannot be distinguised as separate either as mycobiont or photo ```
45
metatranscriptomics of mycobiont
look at what is upregulated in both wila species asco and alga in both Basidiomycota in yellow wila, tortuosa
46
cryptic fungus
in rust clade, cyphobasidiales | byoria tortuosa yellow wila
47
vulpinic acid
unknown if yeast producese acid or somehow stimulates productions by ascomycete mycobiont
48
where are yeast/basids located in thallus
upper layer of cortex within mycobiont, on top

Plant, Algal, Fungal Diversity/Adaptation (12 decks)

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