exam 3 (lect 23)

Question 1

later diverging lineages

Answer 1

ascomycota and basidiomycota

sister MONO phyletic groups

Question 2

coencytic

Answer 2

early diverging fungal lineages do not have consistent partitions between cells

Question 3

fungal mycelium

Answer 3

madee up of cells containing multiple nuclei and continuous cytoplasmic conncetions

Question 4

septate

Answer 4

dikaryotic fungi
consistently partitioned by cross walls
ex. neurospora (asco)
ganoderma (basid)

Question 5

asco septal porosity

Answer 5

Woronin bodies (tethered balls), septal pore proteins
plug septal pores, allow high velocity flows

Question 6

basid septal porosity

Answer 6

dolipore septa with caps (aka parenthesomes)
septal pore swelling)
dolipore (central pore in septum)

Question 7

non-newtonian septal flow

Answer 7

newtonian - symmetrical flow rates on both sides
NOT true in fungal hyphae
slow down as go through septa

Question 8

septa functional roles

Answer 8

1. protect against terminal leakage
2. compartmentalization
3. separate mother and daughter cells
4. ensure correct nuclei are present following cell division

Question 9

plasmogamy

Answer 9

cells fuse together but not nuclei

Question 10

karyogamy

Answer 10

nuclei fuse together

Question 11

dikarya

Answer 11

decoupled plasmogamy and karyogamy
N+N
two genetically distinct haploid nuclei at same time
dikaryon

Question 12

dikaryotic hyphae present

Answer 12

in two major fungal lineages (asco, basid)
>95% of species in kingdom
derived state!!

Question 13

split gill fungus experiment

Answer 13

fungal evolution of dikarya
schizophyllum commune (basid)
test for increased growth speede

Question 14

monokaryons v dikaryons in growth speede

Answer 14

mono - avg growth is faster

dikary - slower rate but able to increase rate over change and potentially grow faster

Question 15

evolutionary benefits of dikaryon

Answer 15

if deleterious mutation in one nuclei, other compensates for it
phenotypic plasticity
masking/unmasking allelic/genotypic variation

Question 16

ascomycota

Answer 16

64000 (1/2 of known fungi)

MONO phyletic

Question 17

ascomycota: habitat, ecology, growth form, septation

Answer 17

habitat: both teerrestrial and aquatic
ecology: free-living, symbionts
growth form: hyphal and unicellular (some dimorphic)
septation: present!

Question 18

asco key features

Answer 18

spores in ascus (sac)
diaryotic stage shorter compared to basid
Woronin bodies
crozier cells (isolate nuclei)

Question 19

asco life cycle

Answer 19

conidiophores and conidia (asexual reproduction)
asocarp is outer wrapping for spore bearing surface
croziers hold N+N nuclei in one cell
2X meiosis 8 N spores
asexual spores not contained in sporangium

Question 20

famous asco

Answer 20

morchella esculenta (state shroom)
penicillum chrysogenum (=notatum) - antibiotic penicillin
tuber gibbosum (truffle)

Question 21

pseudogymnoascus destructans

Answer 21

causes white nose syndrome in bats

Question 22

why does penicillium have 2 names?

Answer 22

penicillium macrosporum (asexual)
equal to Talaromyces macrosporus (sexual spores)
Named based on teleomorph/sexual stage!

Question 23

basidiomycota

Answer 23

species richness 32000 species (.5 of asco)

MONOphyletic

Question 24

basidiomycota: habitat, ecology, growth form, septation

Answer 24

habitat: terrestrial majority
ecology: saprobes (Decomposer), pathogens, symbionts
growth form: hyphal and unicellular
septation: preseent!

Question 25

basid key features

Answer 25

spores on basidia (club)
clamp connections
dolipore septa (cap, swelling)
longer dikaryotic stage

Question 26

basid life cycle

Answer 26

dikaryotic throughout vegetative state (unlike asco)

4 spores as result of 2X meiosis

Question 27

clamp connections

Answer 27

basid
temporarily bridge terminal hypha with cell behind it
allows nuclear migration during mitosis
ensures each cell has a set of differing nuclei

Question 28

famous basid

Answer 28

mushrooms (agaricomycotina, amanita)
rusts (pucciniomycotina)
smuts (ustilaginomycotina), corn pustules

Question 29

entorrhizomycota

Answer 29

new phylum in dikaryotic clade
sedge (grass like plant) with fungal galls on roots
hyphal spirals and packets of spores inside gall

Question 30

entorrhiza fungi morphologiy

Answer 30

septal pore has pore swelling at tip like dolipore (basid)
gall structure
new MONOphyletic group
needs genome for phylum status resolve

Question 31

organisms in lichen

Answer 31

mycobiont + photobiont
myco - fungi, heterotroph, does not make C
photo - algaee or cyanobacteria

Question 32

lichen symbiosis

Answer 32

get name from fungal partner (mycobiont)
multiple origins, independently evolved
cyanobacteria photobionts are monophyletic but NOT algal

Question 33

where do lichens live?

Answer 33

all types of land enviros
dominate more land surface than tropical rain forest
most abundant in extreme enviro (high/low temps, low precip, high light)
ex antarctica: 2 plant speciees, over 350 lichen species that grow inside rocks for protection

Question 34

lichen morphology

Answer 34

thallus body
parter in photobiont layer
huastorium - plug like structure that takes sugar alcohol produced by photobiont, projection that can penetrate tissue

Question 35

lichen reproduction

Answer 35

soredia - dusty surface, wrapped up algae and hyphal
linked propagules - fragments, isidia
asexual reproduction –> keeps symbionts together
apothecia - cup-like fungal structure
sexual requires de nono associations, separate symbionts

Question 36

lichen growth

Answer 36

SLOW
depend on air and rain for all nutrients to diffuse into surface (no roots)
no outer cuticle layer –> sensitive to moisture and enviro changes
poikilohydric, opportunistic growth

Question 37

lichen photosynthetic ratees

Answer 37

lecanora muralis
early breakfast response
highest water content in early morning, not too much light, highest photosynthesis

Question 38

how do lichens tolerate extremes

Answer 38

1. boundary layer - temp and wind dessication diff, lower to ground
2. when thallus drying, sugars pumped into cells to fill space and stabilize cell structures, suspension of cell NOT collapse
3. in dessicateed state, not damaged by temp and light extremes (poikilohydric)
4. living in symbiosis, partners can prod molecules that reduce enviro stress (ex. high light increase oxygen radicals which is dnagerous to cell)

Question 39

schwendener 1869

Answer 39

lichen symbiosis described as parasitisim by fungi on photobiont

Question 40

kanner et al 2005

Answer 40

is lichen symbiosis a mutualism? stress tolerance
cladonia vulcani (fruticose reindeer licheen)

Question 41

O2 radical (ROS) scavenging

Answer 41

formed during desiccating conditions
Fungi
Alga - use GSH, alpha tocopherol, beta-carotene
fungal - use only GSH (glutathione)

Question 42

cladonia vulcani

Answer 42

fruticose reindeer lichen
mycobiont cladonia vulcani
photobiont trebousxia excentrica (algae)

Question 43

comparison of ROS scavenging lichen symbiosis

Answer 43

algae better able to deal with desicaction

fungi has better stress tolerance and is more similar to undesiccated with partner

Question 44

Wila study

Answer 44

bryoria fremontii (edible, brown)
bryoria tortuosa (toxic, yellow, vulpinic acid)
cannot be distinguised as separate either as mycobiont or photo

Question 45

metatranscriptomics of mycobiont

Answer 45

look at what is upregulated in both wila species
asco and alga in both
Basidiomycota in yellow wila, tortuosa

Question 46

cryptic fungus

Answer 46

in rust clade, cyphobasidiales

byoria tortuosa yellow wila

Question 47

vulpinic acid

Answer 47

unknown if yeast producese acid or somehow stimulates productions by ascomycete mycobiont

Question 48

where are yeast/basids located in thallus

Answer 48

upper layer of cortex within mycobiont, on top