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Plant, Algal, Fungal Diversity/Adaptation > exam 1 (lecture 4ish-6) > Flashcards

exam 1 (lecture 4ish-6) Flashcards

1
Q

shared features of charophytes and land plants (synapomorphies)

A

cell divides by phragmoplast

rose-shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis in cell wall

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2
Q

phragmoplast

A

group of microtubules that form between daughter nuclei in mitosis (cell div)

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3
Q

phragmoplast v phycoplast

A

phrag - charo and land plants (perpendicular to plane of div)
phyco - chlorophyceae, parallel to plane of div

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4
Q

diversity of charophytes

A

most zygne then charales then coleo

less diverse than chlorophyta

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5
Q

dunaliella atacamensis

A

class chlorophyceae
grow on spider webs in desert, live off dew
atacama desert

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6
Q

dunaliella salina

A

order chlorophyceae
hypersaline enviro
high conc of carotenoids - protect from UV sun
high conc of glycerol protect fr osmotic pressure
red/pink lakes
used as antioxidant, nutritional supplement

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7
Q

first land plants

A

bryophytes

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8
Q

embryophytes

A

land plants, begin w bryophyte

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9
Q

bryophyte phylogenic group

A

paraphyletic

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10
Q

date for bryophytes

A

475 million years ago

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11
Q

bryophytes

A

non-vascular
small
found everywhere but love moist places

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12
Q

3 phyla of bryophytes

A

Marchantiophyta (liverwort)
bryophyta (moss)
Anthocerophyta (hornworts)

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13
Q

Synapomorphies for bryophytes

A
  1. male and fem gamentangia (archegonia and antheridia)
  2. multicellular diploid sporophyte
  3. resistant spores with sporopollenin
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14
Q

sporopollenin

A

protest spores from harsh conditions on land

only land plants

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15
Q

life cycle of bryophyta

A

sporic meiosis, alternation of generations
gametophyte (free living) is base and dominant phase
sporophyte is appendage on haploid (dependent)

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16
Q

diff in sporophyte between seed plants and bryophyte

A

in bryo, gametophyte is free living

in seed, sporophyte (2n) is larger, free living form w small gametophyte

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17
Q

marchantia

A

liverwort (marchantiophyta)

haploid thallus

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18
Q

life cycle details of bryophytes

A

water transfer spores to achegonia (they release chem to attract sperm)

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19
Q

thalloid veg structure of bryophytes

A

simplest, has rhizoids to attach to substrate (no vasc func)

all hornworts, some liverworts

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20
Q

leafy veg structure of bryophytes

A

all mosses, some liverworts

more complex

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21
Q

asexual reproduction of bryophytes

A

many liverworts and mosses
gemma - derived by mitosis, asexual reproductive structure
gemmae splash out of cup from rain
develop into new gametophytes identical to parent

22
Q

embryo development of marchantia (bryophyte)

A

zygote remains in achegonium where nourished by gametophyte to develop into embryo
placenta (transfer cells) allows for nutrient transfer from gametophyte to sporophyte

23
Q

maturation of sporophyte

A

diploid
mature sporangium open to release spores
operculum cap opens when dries out

24
Q

most diverse phyla of bryophytes

A

mosses/bryophyta (10K)
liverwort/marchantiophyta (6K)
300 hornwort/anthocerophyta

25
Q

anthocerophyta/hornworts

A 
only thalloid, unicell rhizoids
one chloroplast/cell
least div
ecological pioneers 
most have photosynthetic sporophytes with stomata
26
Q

marchantiophyta/liverworts

A

thalloid or leafy
unicell rhizoids
many chloroplasts/cell

27
Q

bryophyta/mosses

A

only leafy
multicell rhizoids
many chloroplasts/cell

28
Q

bryophyte sister to vasc plants?

A

hornworts/anthocerophyta even tho most simple

29
Q

totipotent cells

A

capacity of living cell to de-differentiate into meristematic state where cell can then differentiate into any structure (like stem cells)

30
Q

poikilohydry

A

capacity of org to experience extreme dehydration and fully recover
shut down during dessication and revive later

31
Q

haplontic life cycle

A

zygotic meiosis
mitoses only occur in haploid phase
hpaloid dom
most green algae

32
Q

diplontic life cycle

A

gametic meiosis
mitoses only occur in diploid phase
humans, animals
diploid dom, multicellular

33
Q

biphasic or haploid-diploid life cycle

A

sporic meiosis
cell div and vegetative growth occur in both haploid and diploid phases
land plants
multicell hap and dip

34
Q

number of mutations

dip v hap

A

dip - more mutations b/c 2X the targets

35
Q

efficiency of nat select - dip v hap

A

hap - all new mutations expressed

dip - new mutations can be MASKED

36
Q

deleterious mutations

A

more efficiently elim and have lower eq freq in haploids

37
Q

advantageous mutations

A

more efficiently fixed in haploids

less likely to be lost by chance. masking in dips causes fitness benefits of mutations to be partially lost

38
Q

somatic deleterious mutation

A

during development, not meiosis
favor dip
a hurtful allele can be masked
larger organisms with more cell types often have expanded diploid pahse

39
Q

heterozygote advantage

A

diploids
Hosts could have two alleles for parasitic recognition
Good for plants!!

40
Q

heterozygote disadvantage

A

parasites
2X ways to detect by hosts
bad

41
Q

tracheophytes

A

vasc land plants

monophyletic

42
Q

changes from bryophytes to lycophytes

A
  1. larger sporophytes
  2. lignified tracheids (xylem conducting tubes)
  3. vasc tissue w xylem and phloem
43
Q

oogamy v isogamy

A

oogamy - diff gametes (egg and sperm)

isogamy - gametes have similar morphology, ‘mating types’

44
Q

1st vascular plant

A

cooksonia

45
Q

time of vasc plants

A

400 million

46
Q

flowerign plants time

A

200 million

47
Q

carboniferous period

A

warm/wet swamos
362-290 million yr ago
extensive fossil fuel accumulation
tall versions of ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes that are extinct

48
Q

cooksonia

A

extinct vascular plant
only sporophyte (dip) known from fossil
branched
vv small

49
Q

3 tissue systems of plants

A

dermal - prevent water loss, protective
vasc - xylem and phloem
ground - rigidity, bulk, storage, photosynthesis

50
Q

stele

A

central column of vasc tissue in stem and root

xylem in middle then phloem

Plant, Algal, Fungal Diversity/Adaptation (12 decks)

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