exam 1 (lecture 4ish-6)

Question 1

shared features of charophytes and land plants (synapomorphies)

Answer 1

cell divides by phragmoplast

rose-shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis in cell wall

Question 2

phragmoplast

Answer 2

group of microtubules that form between daughter nuclei in mitosis (cell div)

Question 3

phragmoplast v phycoplast

Answer 3

phrag - charo and land plants (perpendicular to plane of div)
phyco - chlorophyceae, parallel to plane of div

Question 4

diversity of charophytes

Answer 4

most zygne then charales then coleo

less diverse than chlorophyta

Question 5

dunaliella atacamensis

Answer 5

class chlorophyceae
grow on spider webs in desert, live off dew
atacama desert

Question 6

dunaliella salina

Answer 6

order chlorophyceae
hypersaline enviro
high conc of carotenoids - protect from UV sun
high conc of glycerol protect fr osmotic pressure
red/pink lakes
used as antioxidant, nutritional supplement

Question 7

first land plants

Answer 7

bryophytes

Question 8

embryophytes

Answer 8

land plants, begin w bryophyte

Question 9

bryophyte phylogenic group

Answer 9

paraphyletic

Question 10

date for bryophytes

Answer 10

475 million years ago

Question 11

bryophytes

Answer 11

non-vascular
small
found everywhere but love moist places

Question 12

3 phyla of bryophytes

Answer 12

Marchantiophyta (liverwort)
bryophyta (moss)
Anthocerophyta (hornworts)

Question 13

Synapomorphies for bryophytes

Answer 13

1. male and fem gamentangia (archegonia and antheridia)
2. multicellular diploid sporophyte
3. resistant spores with sporopollenin

Question 14

sporopollenin

Answer 14

protest spores from harsh conditions on land

only land plants

Question 15

life cycle of bryophyta

Answer 15

sporic meiosis, alternation of generations
gametophyte (free living) is base and dominant phase
sporophyte is appendage on haploid (dependent)

Question 16

diff in sporophyte between seed plants and bryophyte

Answer 16

in bryo, gametophyte is free living

in seed, sporophyte (2n) is larger, free living form w small gametophyte

Question 17

marchantia

Answer 17

liverwort (marchantiophyta)

haploid thallus

Question 18

life cycle details of bryophytes

Answer 18

water transfer spores to achegonia (they release chem to attract sperm)

Question 19

thalloid veg structure of bryophytes

Answer 19

simplest, has rhizoids to attach to substrate (no vasc func)

all hornworts, some liverworts

Question 20

leafy veg structure of bryophytes

Answer 20

all mosses, some liverworts

more complex

Question 21

asexual reproduction of bryophytes

Answer 21

many liverworts and mosses
gemma - derived by mitosis, asexual reproductive structure
gemmae splash out of cup from rain
develop into new gametophytes identical to parent

Question 22

embryo development of marchantia (bryophyte)

Answer 22

zygote remains in achegonium where nourished by gametophyte to develop into embryo
placenta (transfer cells) allows for nutrient transfer from gametophyte to sporophyte

Question 23

maturation of sporophyte

Answer 23

diploid
mature sporangium open to release spores
operculum cap opens when dries out

Question 24

most diverse phyla of bryophytes

Answer 24

mosses/bryophyta (10K)
liverwort/marchantiophyta (6K)
300 hornwort/anthocerophyta

Question 25

anthocerophyta/hornworts

Answer 25

``` only thalloid, unicell rhizoids one chloroplast/cell least div ecological pioneers most have photosynthetic sporophytes with stomata ```

Question 26

marchantiophyta/liverworts

Answer 26

thalloid or leafy unicell rhizoids many chloroplasts/cell

Question 27

bryophyta/mosses

Answer 27

only leafy multicell rhizoids many chloroplasts/cell

Question 28

bryophyte sister to vasc plants?

Answer 28

hornworts/anthocerophyta even tho most simple

Question 29

totipotent cells

Answer 29

capacity of living cell to de-differentiate into meristematic state where cell can then differentiate into any structure (like stem cells)

Question 30

poikilohydry

Answer 30

capacity of org to experience extreme dehydration and fully recover shut down during dessication and revive later

Question 31

haplontic life cycle

Answer 31

zygotic meiosis mitoses only occur in haploid phase hpaloid dom most green algae

Question 32

diplontic life cycle

Answer 32

gametic meiosis mitoses only occur in diploid phase humans, animals diploid dom, multicellular

Question 33

biphasic or haploid-diploid life cycle

Answer 33

sporic meiosis cell div and vegetative growth occur in both haploid and diploid phases land plants multicell hap and dip

Question 34

number of mutations | dip v hap

Answer 34

dip - more mutations b/c 2X the targets

Question 35

efficiency of nat select - dip v hap

Answer 35

hap - all new mutations expressed | dip - new mutations can be MASKED

Question 36

deleterious mutations

Answer 36

more efficiently elim and have lower eq freq in haploids

Question 37

advantageous mutations

Answer 37

more efficiently fixed in haploids | less likely to be lost by chance. masking in dips causes fitness benefits of mutations to be partially lost

Question 38

somatic deleterious mutation

Answer 38

during development, not meiosis favor dip a hurtful allele can be masked larger organisms with more cell types often have expanded diploid pahse

Question 39

heterozygote advantage

Answer 39

diploids Hosts could have two alleles for parasitic recognition Good for plants!!

Question 40

heterozygote disadvantage

Answer 40

parasites 2X ways to detect by hosts bad

Question 41

tracheophytes

Answer 41

vasc land plants | monophyletic

Question 42

changes from bryophytes to lycophytes

Answer 42

1. larger sporophytes 2. lignified tracheids (xylem conducting tubes) 3. vasc tissue w xylem and phloem

Question 43

oogamy v isogamy

Answer 43

oogamy - diff gametes (egg and sperm) | isogamy - gametes have similar morphology, 'mating types'

Question 44

1st vascular plant

Answer 44

cooksonia

Question 45

time of vasc plants

Answer 45

400 million

Question 46

flowerign plants time

Answer 46

200 million

Question 47

carboniferous period

Answer 47

warm/wet swamos 362-290 million yr ago extensive fossil fuel accumulation tall versions of ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes that are extinct

Question 48

cooksonia

Answer 48

extinct vascular plant only sporophyte (dip) known from fossil branched vv small

Question 49

3 tissue systems of plants

Answer 49

dermal - prevent water loss, protective vasc - xylem and phloem ground - rigidity, bulk, storage, photosynthesis

Question 50

stele

Answer 50

central column of vasc tissue in stem and root | xylem in middle then phloem