exam 3 (22)

Question 1

how many fungal species have been described

Answer 1

120,000 described taxonomically

Question 2

hawksworth 1991 fungi estimation

Answer 2

estimation of total fungal species
based on plant to fungal ratio
British isles, US products, sweden, alpine sedge.
all from high N lat. biomes
no tropical locations used

Question 3

fungal estimates based on soils

Answer 3

black spruce forests

Fungal:plant ratio is 17:1 based on forest soils from interior alaska. Estimates at least 6 million fungi species

Question 4

global diversity and geography of SOIL fungi

Answer 4

Plant:Fungal species ratios
both highest at equator
decline in richness is steeper for plants in temperate and boreal regions
more F at high lat and more P closer to equator

Question 5

where are the rest of the fungi?

Answer 5

1. biodiversity hotspots (amazon in S am)
2. little-explored habitats (lichens)
3. cryptic species (morphologically same but genetically diff)
4. existing reference collections (not named yet)

Question 6

current best fungal richness estimate

Answer 6

2.2 to 3.8 million. hawkswort

Question 7

Previous thought. 4 major fungal lineages

Answer 7

chytrids, zygos, ascos, basids

Question 8

more than 6 fungal lineages

Answer 8

major clades based on molecular evidence

1. microsporidians
2. chytrids
3. zygomycetes
4. glomeromycetes
5. ascomycetes
6. basidiomycetes

Question 9

microsporidians

Answer 9

1500 species
MONOphyletic
endocellular habitat (animal parisites)

Question 10

microsporidians: ecology, growth form, septation

Answer 10

ecology: obligate symbionts (not freee living but live in cells)
growth form: unicellular
septation: absent

Question 11

key features of microsporidians

Answer 11

no mitochondria
no chitin in cell walls (in endospores)
polar tube injection

Question 12

famous microsporidian immuno-compromised

Answer 12

encephalitozoon
microsporidiosis: serious problem with immuno-compromised humans
shoots out and punctures cell with genetic material, makes more fungi

Question 13

nosema

Answer 13

microsporidia
associated with colony collapse disorder
inc uptake

Question 14

chytrids

Answer 14

800 species

POLYphyletic

Question 15

chytrid: habitat, ecology, growth form, septation

Answer 15

habitat: primarily aquatic
ecology: free-living, symbionts
growth form: hyphal
septation: largely absent

Question 16

key features chytrids

Answer 16

flagellated zoospores (ONE)
presence of centrioles (more like animals)

Question 17

amphibian decline

Answer 17

chytrids
batrachochytrium dendrobadis
colonizes skin layer where they respires and causes leisons. swelling from infection inhibits respiration
tadpoles are reservoir
Bd lives on keratin in mouth

Question 18

cow rumen

Answer 18

neocallastix
chytrid
obligate (symbiosis) anaerobe - cow rumen
cow guts
cellulase production major part of break down of plant cell walls
breakdown grass - glucosis

Question 19

chytrid life cycle

Answer 19

alternation of generation
2 multicellular stages like plants
Sporic meiosis
isomorphic (n and 2n look similar)

Question 20

zygomycetes

Answer 20

1000 species

POLYphyletic

Question 21

zygomycetes: habitat, ecology, growth form, septation, key feature

Answer 21

habitat: both terrestrial and aquatic
ecology: free-living and symbionts
growth form: hyphal and unicellular
septation: largely absent
key feature: zygospore (thick walled sexual spore)

Question 22

bread and fruit mold

Answer 22

rhizopus
zygomycetes
key fermentative agent of tempeh from SE Asia

Question 23

pathogen of insect

Answer 23

entomophthorales
zygomycetes
produces compounds that change insect behavior, causing them to climb onto higher surfaces for better spore dispersal
destroys back of insect to release sporangia

Question 24

zygomycete life cycle

Answer 24

multicellular in N stage
zygotic meiosis
reproduces asexually for LONG time

Question 25

glomeromycota

Answer 25

species richness 200 (least diverse)

MONO phyletic

Question 26

glomeromycota: habitat, ecology, growth form, septation, key feature

Answer 26

habitat: terrestrial
ecology: obligate symbionts
growth form: hyphal
septation: largely absent
key feature: large multinucleate spores

Question 27

glomus fungi

Answer 27

glomeromycota
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (inside host plant root cell)
fossilize about 500 million years ago

Question 28

geosiphon pyriformis

Answer 28

glomeromycota
fungal-bacterial symbiosis
cyanobacteria fix N inside of fungal bladders (finger-like structure)

Question 29

chytrid update to phylogeny

Answer 29

Rozella is closer to microsporidia and NOT other chytrids

rozella assoc with allomyces (chytrids)

Question 30

allomyces

Answer 30

chytrids

Question 31

rozellamycota

Answer 31

all aquatic habitats, high diversity, more like rozella

cryptomycota

Question 32

FISH

Answer 32

fluorescent in situ hybridization
fix samples, use probes for ribosomal genes
antibiodies with fluorescent tags = similar approach

Question 33

rozellomycota in water samples FISH

Answer 33

did not find chitin

Question 34

do rozellomycota have chitin?

Answer 34

Yes BUT pigmentation block binding so only seen at certain life stages
calcoflour white

Question 35

zygomycete fungal phylogeny update

Answer 35

No longer separate phyla
all belong to two MONO phyletic clades: mucoromycota and zoopagomycota
glomeromycotina is not separate but closr related

Question 36

mucromycota

Answer 36

mostly plant associated, decomposers, symbionts

zygomycetes

Question 37

zoopagomycota

Answer 37

zygomycetes

mostly animal associated - pathogens, symbionts

Question 38

opisthosporidia

Answer 38

clades that includes microsporidians, Rozella

MONO phyletic

Question 39

chytrids two major clades

Answer 39

complicated but major clades - blastocladiomycota, chytridiomyceta

Question 40

early fungal lineages

Answer 40

microsporidia, chytrids, zygomycetes