Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Plant, Algal, Fungal Diversity/Adaptation > exam 1 (lect7-8) > Flashcards

exam 1 (lect7-8) Flashcards

1
Q

tracheary elements

A

conducting cells of xylem
elongated cells, dead at maturity (non-living straws)
lignin in cell wall thickenings confers rigidity
fossil record
*conducting of phloem DO NOT have lignin and collapse after death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

1st types of vasc plants

A

lycophytes (clubmosses, quilworts)

monilophytes (ferns, horse tails)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

protostele

A

solid cylinder of vasc tissue

some lycophytes and ancestors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

siphonostele

A

central pith with leaf gaps

most seedless vasc plants (some ferns and lycophytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

eustele

A

discrete strands of vasc tissue

seed prod vasc plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

microphyll

A

small
single, unbranched vein of vasc tissue
protostele
lycophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

megaphyll

A

lg
complex system of branching veins
siphonostele, eustele
all other vasc plants (not lycophytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

euphyllophytes

A

‘true’ leaves
megaphylls
vasc plants past lycophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

changes fr lycophytes to monilophytes

A
  1. megaphylls
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

lycophytes and monilophytes type of phyletic grp

A

monophyletic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

vasc plant life cycle

A

heteromorphic alternation of generations

sporophyte (dip) dominant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

strobilus

A

sporangia-bearing structures on a stem
lycopodium
spore production surrounded by sporangium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

lycopodium - devel of gametophyte

A

bisexual gametophyte typically on bottom of plant

one type of spore to 1 gametophyte to egg and sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

fertiliz of lycopodium

A

seedless vasc plants need water for fert

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

development of sporophyte - lycopodium

A

embryo retained
foot of sporophyte anchors to gametophyte and nutritionally supports at first
later INDEPENDENT
leaf, stem, root have true vasc tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

homosporous sporangium

A

sporangium that produces one kind of spore
1 spore to 1 bisexual gametophyte to egg and sperm
all bryophytes, most lycophytes (lycopodium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

heterosprorous sporangium

A

two kinds of spores (mega and micro)
some lycophytes and monilophytes
mega = egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

lycophyte with heterospory

A

selaginella

micro and mega spore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

monilophyta

A

ferns and equisetophytes (horsetails)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

equisetophytes

A

horse tails
monilophyta
homosporous (bisex gametophyte)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ferns

A

monilophyta
most homosporous (bisex gametophyte), some heterosporous
free-living sporophyte (like gymnosperms, angiosperm)
free-living gametophyte (NOT like gymnosperm, angiosperm), thin thallus, parasite to fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

monilophyte sister to seed plant

A

eusporangiate ferns and equisetophytes

then leptosporangiate ferns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

leptosporangiate ferns

A

97% of ferns
temperate region
ex. ostrich fern (fiddlehead fern)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

origin of eusporangiate v leptosporangiate

A

eusporangiate - multicell, sporangia arise from sev layers of cells (all vasc plants)
leptosporangiate - sporangia arise from single initial cell

25
Q

sporangia of eusporangiate v leptosporangiate

A

eusporangiate - large, sessile (on leaf), produces many spores
leptosporangiate - small, stalked (on stalk), produces few spores

26
Q

annulus

A

ring of cells in leptosporangium on top of stalk
thin outer wall w think inner
as water loss occurs, thin wall contracts and opens, spores burst out

27
Q

stori

A

cluster of sporangia
leptosporangiate ferns
underside of leaf, bare or covered by indusium

28
Q

polypodium

A

homosporous (bisex gametophyte) leptosporangiate fern (stalk)

29
Q

avoidance of in-breeding by homosporous ferns

A
  1. dicogamy - gametophytes separate male and female func in time. antheridia and archegonia not mature at same time
  2. gametophytes with archegonia can release pheremone antheridiogen and induce maleness in neighboring gametophytes
30
Q

gymnosperms

A

first seed plants

31
Q

changes from monilophytes to seed plants (gymnosperms)`

A
  1. ovules/seeds

2. pollen

32
Q

spermatophyte lineage

A

seed plants, past gymnosperms

33
Q

key features of seed plants

A
  • many sporophytes lg, long lived w abundant secondary xylem (woody tissue)
  • heterosporous sporophyte
  • reduced gametophyte (hap). female dependent on sporophyte
34
Q

innovation of seed plant

A
  • immature male gametophyte dispersed as pollen (some keep flagella, some lose)
  • seed is MULTIGENERATIONAL mech to distribute and assure survival of young sporophyte
35
Q

microgametophytes in gymnosperms

A

pollen grains
water not needed!!
sperms transferred
NO ANTHERIDIA prod by microgametophyte

36
Q

seed

A

mature ovule, following fertilization

37
Q

ovule

A

megasporangium plus covering (integuments)
before fertiliz
megagametophyte retained in megasporangium
pollen enters at micropyle

38
Q

heterospory and endospory

A

seed plants
hetero - 2 types of spores
endo - gametophyte dev in spore, NOT free living

39
Q

seed evol (probable steps)

A
  1. homosporous ancestor
  2. heterospory
  3. reduction to one megaspore (bigger, increase investment) and endospory
  4. sporangium enveloped by integuments
40
Q

4 phyla of gymnosperms

A

coniferophyta
gnetophyta
cycadophyta
ginkgophyta`

41
Q

coniferophyta

A 
phyla of gymnosperm
300 million yr ago
diversification during dyring period after carboniferous
leaves w drought resistance
biggest phyla (70 genera, 630 species)
42
Q

time for gymnosperms

A

300 million years ago

43
Q

pinus

A

type of coniferophyta, gymnosperm
narrow leaves, drought resis (cuticle, shrunken stomata)
2 year life cycle

44
Q

pine life cycle

A

2 years
start w pollination and germinates to form pollen tube, then megaspores produced, megagametophyte develops, archegonia devel, pollen tube reaches egg cell, fertilization, seed dispersed from cones

45
Q

each ovule has

A

one megasporangium with SINGLE megaspore mother cell (dip that prod 4 haploid megaspores)

46
Q

how many zygotes prod in gymnosperm life cycle

A

2 but one is lost

47
Q

megagametophyte cellularity, gymnosperm

A

multicell

2-3 archegonia

48
Q

pollen tube

A

~5 cells at maturity

49
Q

multigeneration seed

A
  1. parent diploid (seed coat, integuments)
  2. offspring haploid (megagametophyte)
  3. offspring diploid (embryo)
50
Q

secondary xylem (woody growth) evol

A

2X independently
some lycophytes
archaeopteris (extinct but transitional to seed plant)

51
Q

coniferophyta characteristics

A

seeds prod in cones
sperm (pollen tube sperm conveyor)
pollination by wind

52
Q

gnetophyta charcteristics

A

seeds prod in cones or seeds on special branches
sperm (pollen tube a sperm converyor)
pollination by mostly insect

53
Q

cycadophyta characteristics

A

seeds prod in cones
sperm (motile)
pollination by mostly insect

54
Q

ginkgophyta characteristics

A

seeds on special branches and NOT cones
sperm (motile)
pollination by wind

55
Q

ginkgophyta

A

ginkgo biloba is only living
270 million years
No cones, fleshy seeds
one wild pop in cent/S china

56
Q

cycadophyta

A

harbor cyanobacteria in roots that fix N
pollen and ovulate cones borne on diff plants (like ginkgo)
pollination by insects (beetles, thrips)
obligate pollination mutualisms

57
Q

thrips pollination on cycads

A

push-pull
release beta-myrcene (thrips prefer male) at low levels to attract
at midday, male cone heats and releases WAY more (1mil fold) beta-myrcene that detracts thrips to move away and to female cones

58
Q

gnetophytes

A

pollen tube as sperm converyor (non motile)
no archegonia or antheridia
similar vessels in xylem to angiosperm

59
Q

welwischia mirabilis

A

gnetophyte, gymnosperm
insect pollinated by flies
2 leaves that split, 30m deep root systems
water from fog in desert

Plant, Algal, Fungal Diversity/Adaptation (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions