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Plant, Algal, Fungal Diversity/Adaptation > exam 1 (lect7-8) > Flashcards

exam 1 (lect7-8) Flashcards

1
Q

tracheary elements

A

conducting cells of xylem
elongated cells, dead at maturity (non-living straws)
lignin in cell wall thickenings confers rigidity
fossil record
*conducting of phloem DO NOT have lignin and collapse after death

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2
Q

1st types of vasc plants

A

lycophytes (clubmosses, quilworts)

monilophytes (ferns, horse tails)

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3
Q

protostele

A

solid cylinder of vasc tissue

some lycophytes and ancestors

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4
Q

siphonostele

A

central pith with leaf gaps

most seedless vasc plants (some ferns and lycophytes)

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5
Q

eustele

A

discrete strands of vasc tissue

seed prod vasc plants

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6
Q

microphyll

A

small
single, unbranched vein of vasc tissue
protostele
lycophytes

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7
Q

megaphyll

A

lg
complex system of branching veins
siphonostele, eustele
all other vasc plants (not lycophytes)

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8
Q

euphyllophytes

A

‘true’ leaves
megaphylls
vasc plants past lycophytes

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9
Q

changes fr lycophytes to monilophytes

A
  1. megaphylls
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10
Q

lycophytes and monilophytes type of phyletic grp

A

monophyletic

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11
Q

vasc plant life cycle

A

heteromorphic alternation of generations

sporophyte (dip) dominant

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12
Q

strobilus

A

sporangia-bearing structures on a stem
lycopodium
spore production surrounded by sporangium

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13
Q

lycopodium - devel of gametophyte

A

bisexual gametophyte typically on bottom of plant

one type of spore to 1 gametophyte to egg and sperm

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14
Q

fertiliz of lycopodium

A

seedless vasc plants need water for fert

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15
Q

development of sporophyte - lycopodium

A

embryo retained
foot of sporophyte anchors to gametophyte and nutritionally supports at first
later INDEPENDENT
leaf, stem, root have true vasc tissues

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16
Q

homosporous sporangium

A

sporangium that produces one kind of spore
1 spore to 1 bisexual gametophyte to egg and sperm
all bryophytes, most lycophytes (lycopodium)

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17
Q

heterosprorous sporangium

A

two kinds of spores (mega and micro)
some lycophytes and monilophytes
mega = egg

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18
Q

lycophyte with heterospory

A

selaginella

micro and mega spore

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19
Q

monilophyta

A

ferns and equisetophytes (horsetails)

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20
Q

equisetophytes

A

horse tails
monilophyta
homosporous (bisex gametophyte)

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21
Q

ferns

A

monilophyta
most homosporous (bisex gametophyte), some heterosporous
free-living sporophyte (like gymnosperms, angiosperm)
free-living gametophyte (NOT like gymnosperm, angiosperm), thin thallus, parasite to fungi

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22
Q

monilophyte sister to seed plant

A

eusporangiate ferns and equisetophytes

then leptosporangiate ferns

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23
Q

leptosporangiate ferns

A

97% of ferns
temperate region
ex. ostrich fern (fiddlehead fern)

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24
Q

origin of eusporangiate v leptosporangiate

A

eusporangiate - multicell, sporangia arise from sev layers of cells (all vasc plants)
leptosporangiate - sporangia arise from single initial cell

25
sporangia of eusporangiate v leptosporangiate
eusporangiate - large, sessile (on leaf), produces many spores leptosporangiate - small, stalked (on stalk), produces few spores
26
annulus
ring of cells in leptosporangium on top of stalk thin outer wall w think inner as water loss occurs, thin wall contracts and opens, spores burst out
27
stori
cluster of sporangia leptosporangiate ferns underside of leaf, bare or covered by indusium
28
polypodium
homosporous (bisex gametophyte) leptosporangiate fern (stalk)
29
avoidance of in-breeding by homosporous ferns
1. dicogamy - gametophytes separate male and female func in time. antheridia and archegonia not mature at same time 2. gametophytes with archegonia can release pheremone antheridiogen and induce maleness in neighboring gametophytes
30
gymnosperms
first seed plants
31
changes from monilophytes to seed plants (gymnosperms)`
1. ovules/seeds | 2. pollen
32
spermatophyte lineage
seed plants, past gymnosperms
33
key features of seed plants
- many sporophytes lg, long lived w abundant secondary xylem (woody tissue) - heterosporous sporophyte - reduced gametophyte (hap). female dependent on sporophyte
34
innovation of seed plant
- immature male gametophyte dispersed as pollen (some keep flagella, some lose) - seed is MULTIGENERATIONAL mech to distribute and assure survival of young sporophyte
35
microgametophytes in gymnosperms
pollen grains water not needed!! sperms transferred NO ANTHERIDIA prod by microgametophyte
36
seed
mature ovule, following fertilization
37
ovule
megasporangium plus covering (integuments) before fertiliz megagametophyte retained in megasporangium pollen enters at micropyle
38
heterospory and endospory
seed plants hetero - 2 types of spores endo - gametophyte dev in spore, NOT free living
39
seed evol (probable steps)
1. homosporous ancestor 2. heterospory 3. reduction to one megaspore (bigger, increase investment) and endospory 3. sporangium enveloped by integuments
40
4 phyla of gymnosperms
coniferophyta gnetophyta cycadophyta ginkgophyta`
41
coniferophyta
``` phyla of gymnosperm 300 million yr ago diversification during dyring period after carboniferous leaves w drought resistance biggest phyla (70 genera, 630 species) ```
42
time for gymnosperms
300 million years ago
43
pinus
type of coniferophyta, gymnosperm narrow leaves, drought resis (cuticle, shrunken stomata) 2 year life cycle
44
pine life cycle
2 years start w pollination and germinates to form pollen tube, then megaspores produced, megagametophyte develops, archegonia devel, pollen tube reaches egg cell, fertilization, seed dispersed from cones
45
each ovule has
one megasporangium with SINGLE megaspore mother cell (dip that prod 4 haploid megaspores)
46
how many zygotes prod in gymnosperm life cycle
2 but one is lost
47
megagametophyte cellularity, gymnosperm
multicell | 2-3 archegonia
48
pollen tube
~5 cells at maturity
49
multigeneration seed
1. parent diploid (seed coat, integuments) 2. offspring haploid (megagametophyte) 3. offspring diploid (embryo)
50
secondary xylem (woody growth) evol
2X independently some lycophytes archaeopteris (extinct but transitional to seed plant)
51
coniferophyta characteristics
seeds prod in cones sperm (pollen tube sperm conveyor) pollination by wind
52
gnetophyta charcteristics
seeds prod in cones or seeds on special branches sperm (pollen tube a sperm converyor) pollination by mostly insect
53
cycadophyta characteristics
seeds prod in cones sperm (motile) pollination by mostly insect
54
ginkgophyta characteristics
seeds on special branches and NOT cones sperm (motile) pollination by wind
55
ginkgophyta
ginkgo biloba is only living 270 million years No cones, fleshy seeds one wild pop in cent/S china
56
cycadophyta
harbor cyanobacteria in roots that fix N pollen and ovulate cones borne on diff plants (like ginkgo) pollination by insects (beetles, thrips) obligate pollination mutualisms
57
thrips pollination on cycads
push-pull release beta-myrcene (thrips prefer male) at low levels to attract at midday, male cone heats and releases WAY more (1mil fold) beta-myrcene that detracts thrips to move away and to female cones
58
gnetophytes
pollen tube as sperm converyor (non motile) no archegonia or antheridia similar vessels in xylem to angiosperm
59
welwischia mirabilis
gnetophyte, gymnosperm insect pollinated by flies 2 leaves that split, 30m deep root systems water from fog in desert

Plant, Algal, Fungal Diversity/Adaptation (12 decks)

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