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Plant, Algal, Fungal Diversity/Adaptation > Exam 2 (lect 9,11) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (lect 9,11) Flashcards

1
Q

angiosperm time

A

200-250 million years ago

sudden appearance of abundant/diverse in Cretaceous period

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2
Q

competitive exclusion hypothesis

A

why angiosperms exploded so quickly?

exploited more niches and compete with gymnosperms (only adapted to some enviros)

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3
Q

2 hypotheses for gymnosperm to angiosperm

A
  1. Anthophyte

2. Gnepine

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4
Q

anthophyte hypothesis

A

morphological data
gymnosperms NOT monophyletic group but para
Gnetophytes are most closely allied (no archegonia, pollen tube, xylem vessels)

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5
Q

gnepine hypothesis

A

DNA seq data
angio and gymno are both monophyletic groups
gnetophytes are most closely related to Pines)
no extant close relatives to angiosperms
convergent evol

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6
Q

oldest angiosperm lineage

A

amborella trichopoda

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7
Q

4 basal groups of angiosperm lineages

A
  1. amborella trichopoda
  2. nymphaeceae (water lilies + relatives)
  3. austrobaileyales (star anise + relatives)
  4. Mangoliidae (magnolias + relatives)
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8
Q

star anise

A 
basal angiosperm
austrobaileyales
spice (chinese cooking)
Pho
shikimic acid is precursor for tamiflu (antiviral for influenza)
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9
Q

monocots diff from dicots

A 
one cotyledon (seedling after germ)
parallel leaf venation (grasses)
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10
Q

dicots diff from monocots

A

two cotyledons

netlike leaf venation

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11
Q

dicots phyletic group

A

para b/c basal and then eudicots

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12
Q

monocots phyletic group?

A

monophyletic

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13
Q

monocot v dicot diversity

A

mono ~90,000 species

eudictos ~200,000

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14
Q

monocot species ex

A

bamboos, birds of paradise, onions, grasses, frilium, orchids

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15
Q

inconspicuous flowers

A
  1. grasses and other wind pollinated (reduced)
  2. showy parts can be leaves and not petals (poinsettas w flowers in middle)
  3. catkins of trees (windpollination, small bunches)
  4. self fert species (weeds, don’t need to attract pollinator)
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16
Q

anther in life cycle

A

hold microsporocytes aka microspore mother cells
4 microsporangia in 2 pairs
split at junction when mature, spread pollen
microspore mother cells (2n) divide via meiosis to form tetrads of haploid pollen grains

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17
Q

ovary in angio life cycle

A

change

holds ovules, fleshy part

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18
Q

microsporangia in gymno v angio

A

gymno - borne in cones or stobili

angio - borne in flowers (anthers)

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19
Q

angiosperm pollen

A

3 cells! super reduced male gametophyte
gymno pollen had 5 cells
has tube cell and generative cell

20
Q

megagametophyte angiosperm

A

heterosporous
4 megaspores with 3 degenerating
divides 3 times resulting in cell with 8 nuclei
cell walls form 7 cells
one cell has 2 nuclei (polar nuceli, binucleate)
NO archegonia

21
Q

cell walls of female gametophyte angio

A

form 7 cells, 3 at the walls
3 antipodals
2 synergids (same end as micropyle, between is the egg cell)

22
Q

fertiliz angio

A

after pollination, pollen germ and mature male gametophye grows to female gametophye
pollen tube grows through papilla on stigma on the style

23
Q

pollen tube

A

tube nucleus controls growth
coils around ovule to reach micropyle
only living cells on the growing end

24
Q

synergids

A

2 cells in the megagametophyte
secrete to direct pollen tube and rupture of pollen tube to release sperm
surround egg cell
on side with micropyle

25
Q

double fertiliz

A
  1. one sperm nucleus fuses with egg (dip zygote)

2. other sperm nuc fuses with the 2 polar nuclei (triploid)

26
Q

double fertiliz in gnetophyte

A

common in some but a bit different
ephedra
supports sister theory
anthophyte hypothesis

27
Q

ovule develop

A

into seed
zygote to embryo (2n) = new sporophyte
embryonic leaves, cotyledon, primary root

28
Q

ovary develop

A

sperm + 2 polar nuclei –> endosperm (3n) = nutrient tissue

fruit! seed coat

29
Q

darwin abominable mystery

A

sudden rapid diversification of flowering plants

there is a long unrecorded history of angiosperms prior to creetaceous (not in fossil record)

30
Q

new caledonia

A

island off the coast of australia
basal angiosperm (amborella trichopoda)
possible diversification here with no clear fossil record

31
Q

rapid diversific due to pollinator

A

gaston de saporta
relationship with insect
explosion of pollinator and flowering at same time
co-radiation/co-diversification

32
Q

flowers of basal angiosperms

A

radially symmetric
white or red/maroon
pollinators receive pollen as reward, rarely nectar (bees feed pollen to offspring)
petals/sepal indistinguishable

33
Q

pollinator of basal angio

A

insect pollin occured early (ya happening in gymno)
diptera/flies first
beetle pollination

34
Q

pollinator deceit

A

trick pollinators to come
heat attract pollinator to lay eggs
mimic insect to ‘mate’

35
Q

cretaceous flower in fossil record

A

NJ, 90 mya fossil
similar to water lily (nymphaeaeceae)
beetle pollination involves insect entrapment

36
Q

water lily pollination

A

2 openings

  1. female, beetles with pollen come and get trapped
  2. cover with male pollen and send off to pollinate other flowers
37
Q

bat pollination syndrome

A

night, dull white or green
strong, fermented odors
ample nectar reward (larger animal)
desert SW, tropics

38
Q

bee pollination syndrome

A

day, Yellow, blue, purple, UV patterns
light, sweet scent
pollen and nectar reward

39
Q

coevolution btwn plants and pollinator

A

possible explanation of rapid angiosperm diversific

40
Q

darwin’s orchid

A

gradual increase in nectar spur length due to ongoing coevol with same pollinator. 1:1 interaction
insect with hella long tounge

41
Q

pollinator shifts

A

other theory of rapid angiosperm diversific
more often
animals are not a ubiquitous distrib
in part of species range, one pollinator becomes predominant and rapid evol for selection of the pollinator
punctuated change due to pollination shift

42
Q

columbine genus (aquilegia)

A

nectar spurs. tested pollinator hypoth
pollination syndromes related to floral traits
nearly non-overlapping distrib of spur lengths among pollination syndromes
bee, humming bird, hawkmoth

43
Q

hummingbird intermediate

A

between bee to hawkmoth
eurasia
cannot jump to optimal size for hawkmoth
bird necesary!!

44
Q

pollinator limitation

A

shift reproductive strategy
wind pollination
selfing
switch to new pollinator

45
Q

wind pollination syndrome

A

lots of flowers, many pollen grains, unisexual flowers (don’t have both parts), open habitats (before leaves on trees)
ragweed, oak, bamboo

46
Q

self-pollination evol

A 
from outcrossing
do not separate by time (dichogamy)
1. colonizing species ('weedy')
2. marginal habitats  (edge of range, fewer plants and pollinators)
3. annual life history (one shot)
arabidopsis thaliana

Plant, Algal, Fungal Diversity/Adaptation (12 decks)

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