exam 1 (lect 1-4ish)

Question 1

monophyletic

Answer 1

ALL descendents and common ancestor

Question 2

paraphyletic group

Answer 2

all from same common ancestor but excludes some of descendents

Question 3

polyphyletic group

Answer 3

does not include last common ancestor of all members of group

Question 4

What is most helpful for phylogenies?

Answer 4

synapomorphy

Question 5

Whittaker classification of life

Answer 5

5 kingdoms (animals, plants, fungi, protista, monera)
1969

Question 6

monera

Answer 6

Whittaker (5kingdoms)
prok one cell
lack nuc and other membrane bound organelle

Question 7

protista

Answer 7

whittaker (5 kingdoms)
euk one cell or multi cell w/o specialized tissues
nucleus (double membrane surround chromosomes)

Question 8

Woese

Answer 8

1990
3 domains (bacteria, archaea, eucarya)
bact and arch prok
arch sister to euc
monera split to Bacteria and archaea

Question 9

supergroups of euk

Answer 9

major lineages (monophyletic) of domain eukarya

Question 10

supergroup for land plants and green algae

Answer 10

archaeplastida

Question 11

supergroup for animals and fungi

Answer 11

opisthokonta

Question 12

supergroups for messy oceans (phytoplankton, brown algae, golden algae)

Answer 12

SAR
stramenopila
alveolata
rhizaria

Question 13

archaeplastida

Answer 13

supergroup

red algae, green algae, bryophytes, monilophytes, angiosperms

Question 14

SAR

Answer 14

stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizaria

diatoms, dinoflagellates, phaephyta, chrysophyta, oomycetes

Question 15

haptophytes

Answer 15

marine organisms but in archaeplastida, controversy

OR sister with SAR

Question 16

photosynthetic supergroups

Answer 16

everything but opisthokonta (know) and amoebozoa

* not a convergent evolution b.c gained differently

Question 17

algae

Answer 17

don’t have common ancestor but converged in algal lifestyle

polyphyletic

Question 18

cyanobacteria

Answer 18

prok
3.7 billion yr old
circular DNA in cytoplasm
thylakoid membranes loose in cytoplasm
3 layers: outer memb, peptidoglycan cell wall, cell membrane

Question 19

stromatolites

Answer 19

evidences of cyanobacteria and sediment layers
3.4 billion, not formed now
in hypersaline waters (aust)

Question 20

cyanobacteria form

Answer 20

unicellular, colonial, filamentous

Question 21

anabena

Answer 21

veg cell - photosynthesis
heterocysts - N fixation
Akinete - dormant

Question 22

chlorophyll a

Answer 22

absorbs light E

all oxygenic photosynthetic org use

Question 23

phycobilins

Answer 23

absorbs light E and pass to chlorophylls
efficient for R, O, Y, G (not well done by chlorophyll a)
accessory pigments

Question 24

Azolla aquatic fern

Answer 24

symbiotic cyanobact anabena azollae
natural fertilizer in rice ag
fixes N and falls to soil when they die

Question 25

plastid

Answer 25

membrane-bound organelles that often contains pigments for photosynthesis

Question 26

Endosymbiosis theory founder

Answer 26

Lynn Margulis

Question 27

steps of primary endosymbiosis

Answer 27

1. non-photosynthetic euk engulfs cyano prey by phagocytosis | 2. endosymbiont - prey retained and not digested

Question 28

evidence for endosymbiosis

Answer 28

choloroplasts have 2 membranes in red algae and green plants | -> peptidoglycan layer lost after glaucophytes

Question 29

chloroplasts accepted (changes that occured)

Answer 29

division of chloroplast and host became corrdinated genes transfered to host nucleus proteins must be imported from cytoplasm !cannot live alone now!

Question 30

DNA in prok and chloroplasts

Answer 30

circular, no histones

Question 31

nuclear envelope in prok and chloroplasts

Answer 31

no present

Question 32

peptidoglycan cell wall in prok and chloroplasts

Answer 32

only in prok

Question 33

genes size in prok and chloroplasts

Answer 33

prok 2500 | chloro 200

Question 34

cell division in prok and chloroplasts

Answer 34

fission

Question 35

2 changes in ev of chloroplasts

Answer 35

1. loss of phycobillins (accessory pigments) | 2. stacking of thylakoid into grana

Question 36

glaucophytes similarity to prok

Answer 36

prok 2 types phycobillin, glauc has 1 present peptidoglycan wall no grana

Question 37

glaucophytes

Answer 37

freshwater microalgae few species plastids referred as 'cyanelles'

Question 38

chlamydomonas

Answer 38

``` class chlorophyceae chlorophyta single cell, two flagella eyespot that perceives light zygotic meiosis ```

Question 39

chlamydomonas life cycle

Answer 39

zygotic meiosis haploid dominant isogamous (similar gametes)

Question 40

zygotic meiosis

Answer 40

haploid dom only diploid stage is zygote meiosis immediately after zygote formed

Question 41

chlorella

Answer 41

chlorophyta unicell green algae medical treatment, nutrition improve WBC count, detoxify, high in protein

Question 42

volvox

Answer 42

``` class chlorophyceae colonies of hundreds of cells spheroid (single layer) flagella cause rolling motion each has 2 flagella, cytoplasmic connections btwn haploid ```

Question 43

volvox asexual reproduction

Answer 43

daughter colony develops inside out as embryo | has to invert so flagella on outside (break and flip)

Question 44

volvox sexual reproduction

Answer 44

zygotic meiosis haploid dominant | oogamous (dissimilar gametes, egg and sperm)

Question 45

ulvophyceae sim to land plants

Answer 45

NOT sister | evolved independently

Question 46

ulvophyceae class

Answer 46

chlorophyta most marine, few in freshwater some filamentous

Question 47

cladophora

Answer 47

class ulvophyceae algal bloom in great lakes due to P loading P was limiting nutrient

Question 48

new cladophora bloom in Lakes

Answer 48

``` came back maybe with invasive mussels problems that mussels caused 1. clean water, light goes deeper (more light for growth) 2. provide substrate for cladoph 3. turn unavail P to avail ```

Question 49

ulva

Answer 49

``` class ulvophyceae sea lettuce leaf like appearance (convergent ev) thalloid growth habit (flat sheet-like, undifferentiated body) only 2 cells thick) ```

Question 50

only green algae with sporic meiosis

Answer 50

ulvophytes

Question 51

ulvophytes reproduction

Answer 51

sporic meiosis | alternation of isomorphic generation (similar hap and dip)

Question 52

sporic meiosis

Answer 52

meiosis prod spores multi cell diploid (sporophyte) gametophyte is multicell haploid

Question 53

streptophyta

Answer 53

land plants and charophytes

Question 54

spriogyra

Answer 54

zygnemetales helical and ribbon-like chloroplasts no flagella reproduce via conjugation

Question 55

chara

Answer 55

charales nodes and internodes (convergent morphology) branching filaments

Question 56

coleochaete

Answer 56

coleochaetales branched filaments, one cell thick disk zygote retained in parental thallus (parental care)