exam 1 (lect 1-4ish) Flashcards
monophyletic
ALL descendents and common ancestor
paraphyletic group
all from same common ancestor but excludes some of descendents
polyphyletic group
does not include last common ancestor of all members of group
What is most helpful for phylogenies?
synapomorphy
Whittaker classification of life
5 kingdoms (animals, plants, fungi, protista, monera) 1969
monera
Whittaker (5kingdoms)
prok one cell
lack nuc and other membrane bound organelle
protista
whittaker (5 kingdoms)
euk one cell or multi cell w/o specialized tissues
nucleus (double membrane surround chromosomes)
Woese
1990 3 domains (bacteria, archaea, eucarya) bact and arch prok arch sister to euc monera split to Bacteria and archaea
supergroups of euk
major lineages (monophyletic) of domain eukarya
supergroup for land plants and green algae
archaeplastida
supergroup for animals and fungi
opisthokonta
supergroups for messy oceans (phytoplankton, brown algae, golden algae)
SAR
stramenopila
alveolata
rhizaria
archaeplastida
supergroup
red algae, green algae, bryophytes, monilophytes, angiosperms
SAR
stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizaria
diatoms, dinoflagellates, phaephyta, chrysophyta, oomycetes
haptophytes
marine organisms but in archaeplastida, controversy
OR sister with SAR
photosynthetic supergroups
everything but opisthokonta (know) and amoebozoa
* not a convergent evolution b.c gained differently
algae
don’t have common ancestor but converged in algal lifestyle
polyphyletic
cyanobacteria
prok 3.7 billion yr old circular DNA in cytoplasm thylakoid membranes loose in cytoplasm 3 layers: outer memb, peptidoglycan cell wall, cell membrane
stromatolites
evidences of cyanobacteria and sediment layers
3.4 billion, not formed now
in hypersaline waters (aust)
cyanobacteria form
unicellular, colonial, filamentous
anabena
veg cell - photosynthesis
heterocysts - N fixation
Akinete - dormant
chlorophyll a
absorbs light E
all oxygenic photosynthetic org use
phycobilins
absorbs light E and pass to chlorophylls
efficient for R, O, Y, G (not well done by chlorophyll a)
accessory pigments
Azolla aquatic fern
symbiotic cyanobact anabena azollae
natural fertilizer in rice ag
fixes N and falls to soil when they die
plastid
membrane-bound organelles that often contains pigments for photosynthesis
Endosymbiosis theory founder
Lynn Margulis
steps of primary endosymbiosis
- non-photosynthetic euk engulfs cyano prey by phagocytosis
2. endosymbiont - prey retained and not digested
evidence for endosymbiosis
choloroplasts have 2 membranes in red algae and green plants
-> peptidoglycan layer lost after glaucophytes
chloroplasts accepted (changes that occured)
division of chloroplast and host became corrdinated
genes transfered to host nucleus
proteins must be imported from cytoplasm
!cannot live alone now!
DNA in prok and chloroplasts
circular, no histones
nuclear envelope in prok and chloroplasts
no present
peptidoglycan cell wall in prok and chloroplasts
only in prok
genes size in prok and chloroplasts
prok 2500
chloro 200
cell division in prok and chloroplasts
fission
2 changes in ev of chloroplasts
- loss of phycobillins (accessory pigments)
2. stacking of thylakoid into grana
glaucophytes similarity to prok
prok 2 types phycobillin, glauc has 1
present peptidoglycan wall
no grana
glaucophytes
freshwater microalgae
few species
plastids referred as ‘cyanelles’
chlamydomonas
class chlorophyceae chlorophyta single cell, two flagella eyespot that perceives light zygotic meiosis
chlamydomonas life cycle
zygotic meiosis
haploid dominant
isogamous (similar gametes)
zygotic meiosis
haploid dom
only diploid stage is zygote
meiosis immediately after zygote formed
chlorella
chlorophyta
unicell green algae
medical treatment, nutrition
improve WBC count, detoxify, high in protein
volvox
class chlorophyceae colonies of hundreds of cells spheroid (single layer) flagella cause rolling motion each has 2 flagella, cytoplasmic connections btwn haploid
volvox asexual reproduction
daughter colony develops inside out as embryo
has to invert so flagella on outside (break and flip)
volvox sexual reproduction
zygotic meiosis haploid dominant
oogamous (dissimilar gametes, egg and sperm)
ulvophyceae sim to land plants
NOT sister
evolved independently
ulvophyceae class
chlorophyta
most marine, few in freshwater
some filamentous
cladophora
class ulvophyceae
algal bloom in great lakes due to P loading
P was limiting nutrient
new cladophora bloom in Lakes
came back maybe with invasive mussels problems that mussels caused 1. clean water, light goes deeper (more light for growth) 2. provide substrate for cladoph 3. turn unavail P to avail
ulva
class ulvophyceae sea lettuce leaf like appearance (convergent ev) thalloid growth habit (flat sheet-like, undifferentiated body) only 2 cells thick)
only green algae with sporic meiosis
ulvophytes
ulvophytes reproduction
sporic meiosis
alternation of isomorphic generation (similar hap and dip)
sporic meiosis
meiosis prod spores
multi cell diploid (sporophyte)
gametophyte is multicell haploid
streptophyta
land plants and charophytes
spriogyra
zygnemetales
helical and ribbon-like chloroplasts
no flagella
reproduce via conjugation
chara
charales
nodes and internodes (convergent morphology)
branching filaments
coleochaete
coleochaetales
branched filaments, one cell thick disk
zygote retained in parental thallus (parental care)
