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Plant, Algal, Fungal Diversity/Adaptation > exam 1 (lect 1-4ish) > Flashcards

exam 1 (lect 1-4ish) Flashcards

1
Q

monophyletic

A

ALL descendents and common ancestor

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2
Q

paraphyletic group

A

all from same common ancestor but excludes some of descendents

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3
Q

polyphyletic group

A

does not include last common ancestor of all members of group

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4
Q

What is most helpful for phylogenies?

A

synapomorphy

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5
Q

Whittaker classification of life

A 
5 kingdoms (animals, plants, fungi, protista, monera)
1969
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6
Q

monera

A

Whittaker (5kingdoms)
prok one cell
lack nuc and other membrane bound organelle

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7
Q

protista

A

whittaker (5 kingdoms)
euk one cell or multi cell w/o specialized tissues
nucleus (double membrane surround chromosomes)

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8
Q

Woese

A 
1990
3 domains (bacteria, archaea, eucarya)
bact and arch prok
arch sister to euc
monera split to Bacteria and archaea
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9
Q

supergroups of euk

A

major lineages (monophyletic) of domain eukarya

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10
Q

supergroup for land plants and green algae

A

archaeplastida

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11
Q

supergroup for animals and fungi

A

opisthokonta

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12
Q

supergroups for messy oceans (phytoplankton, brown algae, golden algae)

A

SAR
stramenopila
alveolata
rhizaria

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13
Q

archaeplastida

A

supergroup

red algae, green algae, bryophytes, monilophytes, angiosperms

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14
Q

SAR

A

stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizaria

diatoms, dinoflagellates, phaephyta, chrysophyta, oomycetes

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15
Q

haptophytes

A

marine organisms but in archaeplastida, controversy

OR sister with SAR

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16
Q

photosynthetic supergroups

A

everything but opisthokonta (know) and amoebozoa

* not a convergent evolution b.c gained differently

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17
Q

algae

A

don’t have common ancestor but converged in algal lifestyle

polyphyletic

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18
Q

cyanobacteria

A 
prok
3.7 billion yr old
circular DNA in cytoplasm
thylakoid membranes loose in cytoplasm
3 layers: outer memb, peptidoglycan cell wall, cell membrane
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19
Q

stromatolites

A

evidences of cyanobacteria and sediment layers
3.4 billion, not formed now
in hypersaline waters (aust)

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20
Q

cyanobacteria form

A

unicellular, colonial, filamentous

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21
Q

anabena

A

veg cell - photosynthesis
heterocysts - N fixation
Akinete - dormant

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22
Q

chlorophyll a

A

absorbs light E

all oxygenic photosynthetic org use

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23
Q

phycobilins

A

absorbs light E and pass to chlorophylls
efficient for R, O, Y, G (not well done by chlorophyll a)
accessory pigments

24
Q

Azolla aquatic fern

A

symbiotic cyanobact anabena azollae
natural fertilizer in rice ag
fixes N and falls to soil when they die

25
Q

plastid

A

membrane-bound organelles that often contains pigments for photosynthesis

26
Q

Endosymbiosis theory founder

A

Lynn Margulis

27
Q

steps of primary endosymbiosis

A
  1. non-photosynthetic euk engulfs cyano prey by phagocytosis

2. endosymbiont - prey retained and not digested

28
Q

evidence for endosymbiosis

A

choloroplasts have 2 membranes in red algae and green plants

-> peptidoglycan layer lost after glaucophytes

29
Q

chloroplasts accepted (changes that occured)

A

division of chloroplast and host became corrdinated
genes transfered to host nucleus
proteins must be imported from cytoplasm
!cannot live alone now!

30
Q

DNA in prok and chloroplasts

A

circular, no histones

31
Q

nuclear envelope in prok and chloroplasts

A

no present

32
Q

peptidoglycan cell wall in prok and chloroplasts

A

only in prok

33
Q

genes size in prok and chloroplasts

A

prok 2500

chloro 200

34
Q

cell division in prok and chloroplasts

A

fission

35
Q

2 changes in ev of chloroplasts

A
  1. loss of phycobillins (accessory pigments)

2. stacking of thylakoid into grana

36
Q

glaucophytes similarity to prok

A

prok 2 types phycobillin, glauc has 1
present peptidoglycan wall
no grana

37
Q

glaucophytes

A

freshwater microalgae
few species
plastids referred as ‘cyanelles’

38
Q

chlamydomonas

A 
class chlorophyceae
chlorophyta
single cell, two flagella
eyespot that perceives light
zygotic meiosis
39
Q

chlamydomonas life cycle

A

zygotic meiosis
haploid dominant
isogamous (similar gametes)

40
Q

zygotic meiosis

A

haploid dom
only diploid stage is zygote
meiosis immediately after zygote formed

41
Q

chlorella

A

chlorophyta
unicell green algae
medical treatment, nutrition
improve WBC count, detoxify, high in protein

42
Q

volvox

A 
class chlorophyceae
colonies of hundreds of cells 
spheroid (single layer)
flagella cause rolling motion
each has 2 flagella, cytoplasmic connections btwn haploid
43
Q

volvox asexual reproduction

A

daughter colony develops inside out as embryo

has to invert so flagella on outside (break and flip)

44
Q

volvox sexual reproduction

A

zygotic meiosis haploid dominant

oogamous (dissimilar gametes, egg and sperm)

45
Q

ulvophyceae sim to land plants

A

NOT sister

evolved independently

46
Q

ulvophyceae class

A

chlorophyta
most marine, few in freshwater
some filamentous

47
Q

cladophora

A

class ulvophyceae
algal bloom in great lakes due to P loading
P was limiting nutrient

48
Q

new cladophora bloom in Lakes

A 
came back maybe with invasive mussels
problems that mussels caused
1. clean water, light goes deeper (more light for growth)
2. provide substrate for cladoph
3. turn unavail P to avail
49
Q

ulva

A 
class ulvophyceae
sea lettuce
leaf like appearance (convergent ev)
thalloid growth habit (flat sheet-like, undifferentiated body)
only 2 cells thick)
50
Q

only green algae with sporic meiosis

A

ulvophytes

51
Q

ulvophytes reproduction

A

sporic meiosis

alternation of isomorphic generation (similar hap and dip)

52
Q

sporic meiosis

A

meiosis prod spores
multi cell diploid (sporophyte)
gametophyte is multicell haploid

53
Q

streptophyta

A

land plants and charophytes

54
Q

spriogyra

A

zygnemetales
helical and ribbon-like chloroplasts
no flagella
reproduce via conjugation

55
Q

chara

A

charales
nodes and internodes (convergent morphology)
branching filaments

56
Q

coleochaete

A

coleochaetales
branched filaments, one cell thick disk
zygote retained in parental thallus (parental care)

Plant, Algal, Fungal Diversity/Adaptation (12 decks)

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