exam 3 (25,26,27)

Question 1

mycorrhiza

Answer 1

symbiotic assoc essential for one OR both partners - fungus and root of living plant
may be present with plants that do not for true roots

Question 2

arbuscular mycorrhiza

Answer 2

dominant
in roots
tree like
vesicles, tubular structure, 
stain roots

Question 3

ecotmycorrhizal

Answer 3

no penetration in cell

fungal hyphae wrap around root cell

Question 4

other mycorrhizas

Answer 4

mixtureee of arbuscular and ecto
ecoectendo, arbutoid, ericoid
both penetratin and less developed mantle (outside)

Question 5

occurences of mycorrhiza

Answer 5

90% of all land plant belong to families that are commonly mycorrhizal
2% of plants form ECM associations BUT 60% of trees globally have ECM fungi on roots

Question 6

non-mycorrhizal plant species

Answer 6

families with ruderals (brassicaceae, first colonizers) or diff root struct (Proteaceae)

Question 7

plant succession mycorrhizas

Answer 7

None > AM > ECM > ERM (mix)

changes in nutrient type and availability: mineral to organic

Question 8

AM and ECM trends

Answer 8

AM - more abundant in terms of plant species, common in P limited areas
ECM - more abundant in terms of land area, common in N limited areas

Question 9

Benefits of mycorrhiza symbiosis

Answer 9

For fungi: C from plant
For plants:
1. nutrients and water
2. protection from root pathogens
3. enhanced tolerance of heavy metals

Question 10

mycoheterotrophs

Answer 10

plants don’t make out photosynthates, get CNP from fungi

Question 11

nutrient content in mycorrhizal plants

Answer 11

higher than non-mycorrhizal
due to
1. extension of root system through fungal mycelium allows for larger area of soil to be exploited
2. hyphal diameter smaller than roots so access to smaller soil pores (inc soil volume exploited)
3. fungi have enzymes that allow them to capture nutrients from soil organic matter not normally accesible by plants

Question 12

mycorrhiza plant diversity and productivity

Answer 12

inc diversity, inc biomass, inc hyphae, P used and put in plants more

Question 13

mycorrhiza succession

Answer 13

common mycorrhizal network –> share ECM, same benefits, share hyphal connections
larger trees need the willow occurence first because of established ECM

Question 14

mycorrhizal cost to plants

Answer 14

net cost = extra C gained from interaction - C expended
typically overall C gain is higher with M+ plants
15% of total plant C expended

Question 15

environments for colonization ranked (light, P)

Answer 15

best
low light, low P
high light, low P
high light, high P
low light, high P

Question 16

Past interaction between early-diverging mucuromycotan fungi and basal land plants (liverworts)

Answer 16

high thallus colonization (no roots)
fungal struct formed include arbuscules
Marchantia-colonizing fungi are AM, but called AML due to plant struct (AM-like)

Question 17

photosynthesis with liverworts + early-diverging fungi

Answer 17

higher photosyn with AML colonization regardless of CO2 level

Question 18

AML fungi and liver wort growth and reproduction

Answer 18

both in past and now
higher dry mass with AML
better growth by AML fungi regardless of nutrient level
more reproduction

Question 19

fungi as disease agent

Answer 19

more common in plants

not common in animal

Question 20

fungi disease in humans

Answer 20

300 species

worst associated with weakened immune systems

Question 21

Fungi agricultural pathogens

Answer 21

crops - puccina (rust) and magnaporthe
spoilage - cladosporium and aspergillus
oomycetes:
phytophthora (potato blight), pythium, plasmopara

Question 22

wheat rust

Answer 22

puccinia graminis
resistant varieties in 1960s. Ug99 is new rust that 90% of wheat is susceptible to
borlaug

Question 23

pathogen spread

Answer 23

long distance spores dispersal (wind, atmosphere)
human transport
natural movement

Question 24

attine ants

Answer 24

in american tropics, they cultivate basidiomycota as anti-bacterial covering that limits pathogen
leaves feed the fungus and the fungus prod nutrients that ants eat

Question 25

ant-microbial network

Answer 25

ants and fungus
ants to antibiotic producing bacteria (pseudonocardia) to parasitic fungus (escovopsis) to fungus
2 diff basid cultivars (agaricaceae, pterulaceae. convergent evol)

Question 26

endophytic fungi in plants

Answer 26

leaf cutter ants clean due to chemical cues in antennae

gomerella cingulata

Question 27

mycoparasites

Answer 27

muellerella thalamita parasite in apothescium
power cups
filled with parasitizing fungi spores

Question 28

Why increase in plant-infecting fungi?

Answer 28

dependent on plant disease triangle (enviro, pathogen, host susceptibility)

Question 29

what is pathogen of prunus in JC?

Answer 29

oomycete fungus in pythium

Question 30

pythium

Answer 30

fungus for JC prunus trees

Question 31

new JC study in chinese forests

Answer 31

looked at heat impact
chamber –> less survival during warming, inc JC pathogenicity
prunus
fungal abundance inc in killer pathogen at closer distance and higher temp

Question 32

fungal service soil formation

Answer 32

soil generated from rock weathering - abiotic and abiotically
lichen colonization facilitates rock weathering via water condensation and acid production
ECM fungal hyphae tunnel into rock minerals to extract nutrients like P

Question 33

fungal service soil accumulation

Answer 33

net to keep soil
physical ‘meshing’ of nutrients and organic matter via mycelium
extraction of polysacch, ‘glue’

Question 34

soil fertility fungi service

Answer 34

breakdown CNP
decomposition
proteases (N), peptidases (N) and phosphatase (P)

Question 35

fungal service primary production

Answer 35

mycorrhizal symbioses stimulate plant primary production

endophytic symbiosis can stim primary prod by suppressing herbivory

Question 36

fungal service secondary production

Answer 36

fungal hyphae are base of soil microfood-webs
mushrooms consumed by animals (lean proteins, low fat, carbs)
flying squirrel eats when more shrooms avail
deer each lichens when avail

Question 37

fungal service pop regulation

Answer 37

bd chytrid pathogen on frogs
ascomycota rust on wheat, rice
bat ascomycota white nose syndrome on bats
puccinia on wheat
aspergillus on corals
nosema on bees

Question 38

saprotophic fungi forest effect

Answer 38

does not decompose wood

C is stuck, no cycling

Question 39

forest without mycorrhizal fungi

Answer 39

dec health, less access to nutrients, inc herbivory

Question 40

forest without plant parasitic fungi

Answer 40

dec div b/c JC hypoth

Question 41

fungal service degradation of pollutants

Answer 41

wood rot fungi use oxygen radicals to breakdown lignin (wood)
non-specific process that can be used on other complex molecules like human-made pollutants

Question 42

fungal service mycofiltration

Answer 42

pigfarm with methane released
cleans emissions
Ganoderma and pluerotus
schilling lab

Question 43

fungal service phytoremediation

Answer 43

extraction of Zinc or other toxic material in soil

mychorrizal plants have better survival b/c of fungi

Question 44

lichens and atmospheric pollutants

Answer 44

sulfur dioxide caused loss of lichens but returned after scrubbing

Question 45

atmospheric pollutants and mycorrhizal fungi

Answer 45

effect of deposition both direct on fungi and indirect (through plant host)