exam 2 (lect 14,15)

Question 1

rhodophyta from which supergroup

Answer 1

archaeplastida

Question 2

red algae forms

Answer 2

rhodophyta

unicell, filaments with apical growth, large blades of filaments, true parenchyma

Question 3

parenchyma

Answer 3

meristems from which cell div can occur in any plane, 3D growth, true tissues

Question 4

pseudoparenchyma

Answer 4

aggregation of numerous, intertwined, branched filaments that collectively form thallus
held together by mucilages
ex heribaudiella brown algae

Question 5

char of red alge

Answer 5

5000 species
small genomes w few introns
mostly marine, few freshwater
most LACK flagelalated cells

Question 6

when did red algae diverge

Answer 6

after glaucophytes, before green algae

Question 7

photosyn in red alge

Answer 7

chloroplasts have no grana (unstakced) w phycobilisomes

chlorophyll a + phycobilins that help absorb Blue-green light in deep water

Question 8

phycobilins in red algae

Answer 8

mask chlorophyll a color
red color
blue light in deep water

Question 9

red algae diff from cyano

Answer 9

lose peptidoglycan
retain phycobilisome
unstacked thylakoid

Question 10

flagellated in red algae

Answer 10

typically in:
1. unicell algae
2. male gametes (oogamous, diff)
limited amoeboid movement but NO flagella, passive movement in water currents

Question 11

rhodelphidia

Answer 11

new phylum

1. non-photosynthetic predators
2. have flagella
3. gene-rich genome w many introns

Question 12

rhodelphidia impact on red algae evol

Answer 12

mixotropic ancestor (phagotrophy and autotrophy)
multiple convergent losses of phagotrophy in nearly all archaeplastida

Question 13

porphyra life cycle

Answer 13

biphasic (2) alternation of generation
gameophyte is genetic chimera
unisexual haploid gametophyte (male and female leaves)
gametes retained on margins of gametophytes

Question 14

zygotospore in porphyra life cycle

Answer 14

fertilized

grow on shell substrate intro conchocelis (branched filamentous) produces conchospores

Question 15

genetic chimera

Answer 15

porphyra
germination of conchospore
meiosis occurs so 2 types of cell genetics in each blade

Question 16

discovery of prophyra life cycle

Answer 16

kathleen drew baker
conchocelis pahse
commercializa of aquaculture production

Question 17

general polysiphonia life cycle

Answer 17

red algae
3 generations. most filamentous red algae
triphasic alternation of generations
gametophyte (n), carposporophyte (2n), tetrasporophyte (2n)

Question 18

triphasic alt of gen polysiphonia

Answer 18

apparent stage is gametophyte n
gametophyte and tetrasporophyte are isomorphic (resemble, like ulva)
carposporophyte (2n) is not free living but multicell struct

Question 19

tetrasporophyte

Answer 19

similar to gametophyte, free living

Question 20

carposporophyte

Answer 20

not free living
surrounded by tissue from female hap
multicell struct
zygote does not immediately divide to produced spores

Question 21

phytoplankton

Answer 21

photosyn algae and cyanobacteria suspended in bodies of fresh or saalt water
primary producer
half of plant biomass
absorb 50% of CO2 prod by humans

Question 22

secondary endosymbiosis of red algae

Answer 22

dinoflagekkates, diatoms, haptophtes, brown algae absorbed red algae
secondary symbionts of red algae

Question 23

haptophyta

Answer 23

coccolithophores

Question 24

dinoflagellata

Answer 24

dinoflaggelates

Question 25

bacillariophyta

Answer 25

diatoms

Question 26

phaeophyta

Answer 26

brown algae

Question 27

chlorophyll a

Answer 27

every photosyn eukaryote

Question 28

chlorophyll b

Answer 28

accessory pigment in green algae and land plants. transfer E to chlorophyll A

Question 29

chlorophyll c

Answer 29

accessory in marine algae, similar role to chlorophyll b

Question 30

haptophyta/cocclithophores

Answer 30

``` 300 sepcies marine, freshwater, terrestrial unicell and colonial autotrophic, mixotrophic chlorophyll a,c huxley discovered ```

Question 31

haptophyte struct

Answer 31

2 flagella and haptonema (other cytoskeletal organelle, not for motility) haptonema can assist with catching prey food some covered with calcified scales called coccoliths (coccolithophorids)

Question 32

cocoliths

Answer 32

may be secreted thru golgi bodies or at cell surface calcium carbonate single largest component of deep sea sediments chalk (living sediments)

Question 33

dinophyta/dinoflagellates

Answer 33

``` 2000-4000 marine and freshwater unicell autotrophic (~50%) or mixotrophic or hetertrophic chlorophyll a, c ```

Question 34

dinophyta struct

Answer 34

cell surface made of cellulose plates (theca, organic C) 2 flagella: one in transverse groove (around organism), one trailing beat of flagella makes cells spin

Question 35

dinoflaellates in coral

Answer 35

zooxanthellae reside in endoderm of cnidarians (animals) and provide photosynthesis products, receive inorganic nutrients coral bleaching caused by loss/explusion of zooxanthellae

Question 36

bioluminescence

Answer 36

dinoflag mechanical disturbance, predators, waves light cast on predators attract other predators

Question 37

alveolata member

Answer 37

dinoflagellates

Question 38

stramenopilla member

Answer 38

diatoms and brown algae

Question 39

stramenopiles

Answer 39

heterokonts diatoms, brown algae motile stage of life cycle has 2 distinct flagella (tinsel and whiplash) tinsel is branch, whiplash is standard

Question 40

bacillariophyta/diatoms

Answer 40

``` centric or pennate silica-based SiO2 pill boxes marine, freshwater 10K-12K species unicell or colonial 20-25% of global C fix ```

Question 41

centric diatoms

Answer 41

radial symmetry, float, mainly planktonic and marine

Question 42

pennate diatoms

Answer 42

bilateral, bottom dwelling, on vegetation, also planktonic

Question 43

diatom cell wall

Answer 43

frustule two overlapping halves (cell walls) silica asexual reproduction by cell division

Question 44

life cycle of centric diatom

Answer 44

cyclotella no alt of generations gametic meiosis, diploid dominant gametes are haploid phase male gametes have heterokont flagella (motile) zygote/ausospore asexual until smaller and smaller then meiosis

Question 45

diatom deposits

Answer 45

diatomaceaous earth | kills insects b/c of microscopic shard of glass/silica

Question 46

brown algae/phaeophyta

Answer 46

heterokont gametes and zoospores 1500 species mostly marine in temperate and cold waters filamentous and morphologically complex thalli (blades)

Question 47

ectocarpus

Answer 47

brown algae | simplest, branched filament

Question 48

brown algae life cycles

Answer 48

``` mose have sporic meiosis (SAR, laminaria). conspicuous sporophyte and inconspicuous gametophyte gametic meiosis (fucus). has only sporophyte and gametes ```

Question 49

kelps

Answer 49

brown algae large, highly differentiated, sporic meiosis (alt of gen) holdfast and bladder for buoyancy ex. macrocystis

Question 50

purple sea urchin and kelp

Answer 50

``` sea star (predator of urchin) die and inc urchin count mass mortality of red abalone (led to kelp dec) ```