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Plant, Algal, Fungal Diversity/Adaptation > Exam 3 (lect 20,21, > Flashcards

Exam 3 (lect 20,21, Flashcards

1
Q

Fungi v fungi

A

F - in kingdom

f - studied by mycologists but not Fungi

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2
Q

Major euk characteristics unique to fungi

A

chitin in cell walls
ergosterol in cell membranes
spindle pole bodies
multi-nucleate cells

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3
Q

fungi and animal commonalities

A

no plastids

store food as glycogen (plants use starch)

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4
Q

plant and fungi commonalities

A

cell walls

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5
Q

fungal cell walls

A

multi-layered complex of diff molecules

CHITIN - key polysaccharide (rigidity)

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6
Q

fungal cell membranes

A

ergosterol (analogous to cholesterol in animal cell membranes)
ergo is primary target of anti-fungal drugs. does not keep osmotic potential of cell

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7
Q

polyenes like nystatin

A

anti-fungal drug
mode of action - ionophore (reversibly binds ions)
binds to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes

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8
Q

fungal infections prevalence

A

more prevalent in plants than animals

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9
Q

fungal cells nuclear division

A

unlike plants/animals, nuc envelope does not disintegrate ahead of mitosis
division occurs in nucleus and is organized by spindle pole bodies

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10
Q

spindle pole bodies - fungi

A

organize nuclear division
separate daughter
correct seaparation

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11
Q

fungal cells nuclei

A

individ cells typically contian multiple nuclei which move between cells

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12
Q

movement of nuclei

A

move between cells through septa

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13
Q

septa

A

partition that separate and defines one cell

allows nuclei and other cellular materials to move between

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14
Q

main parts of fungi

A

spores (asexual/sexual)
reproductive struct (sporangia)
body (in soil/water, biggest part)

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15
Q

fungal body - hyphae

A

thin thread-like filaments um
turgor pressure on rigid cell wall drives extension
osmotic potential drives water to tip
growth at tip!

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16
Q

spitzenkorper

A

collection of vesicles at hyphal tip

white tip, vesicles coming together

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17
Q

hyphal vesicles

A

contain enzymes and wall material

  1. fuse w membrane
  2. loosen wall
  3. add new wall materials to extend
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18
Q

hyphal branching

A

grow via extension and branching of hyphae

many hyphae = mycelium

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19
Q

hyphal fusion

A

allows growing mycelium to stay integrated physiologically
fusion - moves stuff across body, basis for fungal sex
tells self from non-self

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20
Q

external digestion

A 
breakdown compounds outside of body
export enzymes (cellulase) --> biopolymers (cellulose) --> monomers (glucose) --> back to fungi
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21
Q

fungi eating name

A

osmoheterotrophy

animals - phagoheterotrophy

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22
Q

advantages of hyphal growth

A
  1. high SA to vol ratio. Massive growth w/o diffusion limitation (do digestion close to surface)
  2. turgor-driven tip growth allows penetration into food sources
  3. Allows individuals to grow across patchy resources (integrate resources across body)
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23
Q

yeasts

A

unicellular growth (not hyphal)
growth pattern
NOT monophyletic (evolved multiple time independently)
advantage - rapid growth

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24
Q

yeast human importance

A

leavened bread, alcoholic bev

pathogens

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25
Q

dimorphic fungi

A

grow as hyphae or yeast depending on enviro conditions

26
Q

dimorphic fungi examples

A

coccidiodes immitis - valley fever
histoplasma capsulatum - bat vectored, bud as yeast in lungs
candida albicans - yeast infections, diaper rashes, thrush

27
Q

fairy ring ecology

A 
outer stimulated zone (decomposing stuff, releasing nutrients)
dead zone (weak parasite with grass roots, 0.5 water potential)
inner stim zone (older area, fungi is decomposing, passive + to plant, necromass)
28
Q

growth that makes fairy rings

A

radial growth
start from spores and radiates out in all directions
estimated to be decades to centuries old

29
Q

compared to low resource enviro, ratio of hyphal branching to extension in high resource enviro is?

A

higher. put as much of body to maximize ability to get nutrients

30
Q

indeterminate growth

A

no predetermined shape/size (mycelium)

as long as there are resources, they can grow indefinitely

31
Q

oomycetes euk super group

A

stramenopila

32
Q

cellular/plasmodial slime molds euk super group

A

amoebozoa

33
Q

oomycetes hypahe

A

similar to fungi

cont cytoplasm, growth from tips, enzyme secretion, specialized struct like haustoria (pathogens)

34
Q

haustoria

A

oomycetes like fungi

projection from hyphae into tissue of host, absorb nutrients from it

35
Q

oomycetes spores

A 
similar to fungi
oospores (sexual spores)
zoospores (asexual spores)
chlamydospores (asexual resting spores)
asexual reproduc via spores means they can spread easily and rapidly increase inoculum (struct for inoculation)
36
Q

chlamydospores

A

oomycetes
asexual resting spores
thick walled, resist harsh enviro cond
germ when better environmental conditions

37
Q

oomycetes plant pathogens

A

like fungi

downy mildew, damping off (JC hypoth), potato blight, sudden oak death

38
Q

diff in oomycota from fungi

A
  1. lack chitin (cellulose instead!)
  2. zoospores are diff. Have 2 flagella (regular whiplash and tinsel)
  3. all vegetative are diploid (2n). like humans but unlike fungi
39
Q

relative sexuality

A

oomycetes

isolate can make antheridia with one mate and oogonia with another

40
Q

why slime molds studied by mycologists?

A 
morphological similarities (spores and heterotrophy)
same habitats
41
Q

slime mold differences from fungi

A

vegetative (growing) state is NOT hyphae or yeast BUT amoeba or plasmodium
when present, flagellated have 2 flagella (like oomycota)
phagocytosis (feed by ingestion NOT absorption, not like oomycota)

42
Q

plasmodial slime mold

A

most visible stage is plasmodium
not single cell but continuous cytoplasm with many nuclei (no partition like in fungi)
moist enviro
can form sporocarps

43
Q

sporocarps

A

plasmodia can organize to form

where spores are produced

44
Q

sclerotium

A

unfavorable condition

plasmodial slime mold

45
Q

plasmodial slime mold intelligence

A

able to coordinate growth to find best resources

46
Q

cellular slime molds

A

spend most of lifecycle as amoeba
moist habitats
eat bacteria, yeast cells, fungal spores, algae
ingest food and digest internally

47
Q

pseudoplasmodium

A

cellular slime mold
when amoeba run out of food, aggregate to form this
pseduo b/c still individual cells
involves cellular signaling in response to stress (cAMP)

48
Q

slug

A

cellulose sheath over aggregation
cellular slime mold
sleek, shiny outside layer
migrates toward location with optimal spores dispersal (higher light, more oxygen, drier)

49
Q

SOROcarp

A

cellular slime mold
slug differentiates to form this fruiting body
stalk and spore mass
stalk cells die, spore mass cells live, form cells, and germinate as amoeba

50
Q

cellular slime mold cycle

A

singular, pseudoplasmodium, slug, SOROcarp

51
Q

farming

A

actively cultivating organism that will be consumed by farmer

52
Q

farmer fungi

A

dictyostelium

53
Q

farmer fungi traits

A

dictyostelium clones that have bacteria in their sori

~1/3 of samples

54
Q

is farmer lifestyle random?

A

experiment that used antibiotics and then re-tracked bacterial growth
clones would reform their bacterial assoc follwing antibiotics and non-farmers remained non-associated
lifestyle is actively pursued by some
NOT accidental

55
Q

benefit of bacteria in farming

A

in enviros where bacteria are absent, farming is beneficial because it brings bacteria with them
when bacteria are present, farmers don’t grow as much

56
Q

is farming an overall good strategy?

A

ensured food source at next location and may benefit from associating with more edible bacteria –> evolutionarily stable strategy
farmer clones develop fruiting bodies before all bacteria are exhausted BUT non-farmers wait until all bacteria are exhausted

57
Q

potato blight

A

oomycete

phytophthora infestans

58
Q

downy mildew

A

plasmopora

oomycete

59
Q

how many fungal species have been described

A

120,000 described taxonomically

60
Q

hawksworth 1991 fungi estimation

A 
estimation of total fungal species
based on plant to fungal ratio
British isles, US products, sweden, alpine sedge.
all from high N lat. biomes
no tropical locations used
61
Q

fungal estimates based on soils

A

black spruce forests

Fungal:plant ratio is 17:1 based on forest soils from interior alaska. Estimates at least 6 million fungi species

62
Q

global diversity and geography of SOIL fungi

A

Plant:Fungal species ratios
both highest at equator
decline in richness is steeper for plants in temperate and boreal regions
more F at high lat and more P closer to equator

Plant, Algal, Fungal Diversity/Adaptation (12 decks)

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