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Plant, Algal, Fungal Diversity/Adaptation > Exam 3 (lect 20,21, > Flashcards

Exam 3 (lect 20,21, Flashcards

1
Q

Fungi v fungi

A

F - in kingdom

f - studied by mycologists but not Fungi

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2
Q

Major euk characteristics unique to fungi

A

chitin in cell walls
ergosterol in cell membranes
spindle pole bodies
multi-nucleate cells

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3
Q

fungi and animal commonalities

A

no plastids

store food as glycogen (plants use starch)

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4
Q

plant and fungi commonalities

A

cell walls

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5
Q

fungal cell walls

A

multi-layered complex of diff molecules

CHITIN - key polysaccharide (rigidity)

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6
Q

fungal cell membranes

A

ergosterol (analogous to cholesterol in animal cell membranes)
ergo is primary target of anti-fungal drugs. does not keep osmotic potential of cell

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7
Q

polyenes like nystatin

A

anti-fungal drug
mode of action - ionophore (reversibly binds ions)
binds to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes

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8
Q

fungal infections prevalence

A

more prevalent in plants than animals

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9
Q

fungal cells nuclear division

A

unlike plants/animals, nuc envelope does not disintegrate ahead of mitosis
division occurs in nucleus and is organized by spindle pole bodies

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10
Q

spindle pole bodies - fungi

A

organize nuclear division
separate daughter
correct seaparation

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11
Q

fungal cells nuclei

A

individ cells typically contian multiple nuclei which move between cells

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12
Q

movement of nuclei

A

move between cells through septa

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13
Q

septa

A

partition that separate and defines one cell

allows nuclei and other cellular materials to move between

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14
Q

main parts of fungi

A

spores (asexual/sexual)
reproductive struct (sporangia)
body (in soil/water, biggest part)

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15
Q

fungal body - hyphae

A

thin thread-like filaments um
turgor pressure on rigid cell wall drives extension
osmotic potential drives water to tip
growth at tip!

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16
Q

spitzenkorper

A

collection of vesicles at hyphal tip

white tip, vesicles coming together

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17
Q

hyphal vesicles

A

contain enzymes and wall material

  1. fuse w membrane
  2. loosen wall
  3. add new wall materials to extend
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18
Q

hyphal branching

A

grow via extension and branching of hyphae

many hyphae = mycelium

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19
Q

hyphal fusion

A

allows growing mycelium to stay integrated physiologically
fusion - moves stuff across body, basis for fungal sex
tells self from non-self

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20
Q

external digestion

A 
breakdown compounds outside of body
export enzymes (cellulase) --> biopolymers (cellulose) --> monomers (glucose) --> back to fungi
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21
Q

fungi eating name

A

osmoheterotrophy

animals - phagoheterotrophy

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22
Q

advantages of hyphal growth

A
  1. high SA to vol ratio. Massive growth w/o diffusion limitation (do digestion close to surface)
  2. turgor-driven tip growth allows penetration into food sources
  3. Allows individuals to grow across patchy resources (integrate resources across body)
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23
Q

yeasts

A

unicellular growth (not hyphal)
growth pattern
NOT monophyletic (evolved multiple time independently)
advantage - rapid growth

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24
Q

yeast human importance

A

leavened bread, alcoholic bev

pathogens

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25
dimorphic fungi
grow as hyphae or yeast depending on enviro conditions
26
dimorphic fungi examples
coccidiodes immitis - valley fever histoplasma capsulatum - bat vectored, bud as yeast in lungs candida albicans - yeast infections, diaper rashes, thrush
27
fairy ring ecology
``` outer stimulated zone (decomposing stuff, releasing nutrients) dead zone (weak parasite with grass roots, 0.5 water potential) inner stim zone (older area, fungi is decomposing, passive + to plant, necromass) ```
28
growth that makes fairy rings
radial growth start from spores and radiates out in all directions estimated to be decades to centuries old
29
compared to low resource enviro, ratio of hyphal branching to extension in high resource enviro is?
higher. put as much of body to maximize ability to get nutrients
30
indeterminate growth
no predetermined shape/size (mycelium) | as long as there are resources, they can grow indefinitely
31
oomycetes euk super group
stramenopila
32
cellular/plasmodial slime molds euk super group
amoebozoa
33
oomycetes hypahe
similar to fungi | cont cytoplasm, growth from tips, enzyme secretion, specialized struct like haustoria (pathogens)
34
haustoria
oomycetes like fungi | projection from hyphae into tissue of host, absorb nutrients from it
35
oomycetes spores
``` similar to fungi oospores (sexual spores) zoospores (asexual spores) chlamydospores (asexual resting spores) asexual reproduc via spores means they can spread easily and rapidly increase inoculum (struct for inoculation) ```
36
chlamydospores
oomycetes asexual resting spores thick walled, resist harsh enviro cond germ when better environmental conditions
37
oomycetes plant pathogens
like fungi | downy mildew, damping off (JC hypoth), potato blight, sudden oak death
38
diff in oomycota from fungi
1. lack chitin (cellulose instead!) 2. zoospores are diff. Have 2 flagella (regular whiplash and tinsel) 3. all vegetative are diploid (2n). like humans but unlike fungi
39
relative sexuality
oomycetes | isolate can make antheridia with one mate and oogonia with another
40
why slime molds studied by mycologists?
``` morphological similarities (spores and heterotrophy) same habitats ```
41
slime mold differences from fungi
vegetative (growing) state is NOT hyphae or yeast BUT amoeba or plasmodium when present, flagellated have 2 flagella (like oomycota) phagocytosis (feed by ingestion NOT absorption, not like oomycota)
42
plasmodial slime mold
most visible stage is plasmodium not single cell but continuous cytoplasm with many nuclei (no partition like in fungi) moist enviro can form sporocarps
43
sporocarps
plasmodia can organize to form | where spores are produced
44
sclerotium
unfavorable condition | plasmodial slime mold
45
plasmodial slime mold intelligence
able to coordinate growth to find best resources
46
cellular slime molds
spend most of lifecycle as amoeba moist habitats eat bacteria, yeast cells, fungal spores, algae ingest food and digest internally
47
pseudoplasmodium
cellular slime mold when amoeba run out of food, aggregate to form this pseduo b/c still individual cells involves cellular signaling in response to stress (cAMP)
48
slug
cellulose sheath over aggregation cellular slime mold sleek, shiny outside layer migrates toward location with optimal spores dispersal (higher light, more oxygen, drier)
49
SOROcarp
cellular slime mold slug differentiates to form this fruiting body stalk and spore mass stalk cells die, spore mass cells live, form cells, and germinate as amoeba
50
cellular slime mold cycle
singular, pseudoplasmodium, slug, SOROcarp
51
farming
actively cultivating organism that will be consumed by farmer
52
farmer fungi
dictyostelium
53
farmer fungi traits
dictyostelium clones that have bacteria in their sori | ~1/3 of samples
54
is farmer lifestyle random?
experiment that used antibiotics and then re-tracked bacterial growth clones would reform their bacterial assoc follwing antibiotics and non-farmers remained non-associated lifestyle is actively pursued by some NOT accidental
55
benefit of bacteria in farming
in enviros where bacteria are absent, farming is beneficial because it brings bacteria with them when bacteria are present, farmers don't grow as much
56
is farming an overall good strategy?
ensured food source at next location and may benefit from associating with more edible bacteria --> evolutionarily stable strategy farmer clones develop fruiting bodies before all bacteria are exhausted BUT non-farmers wait until all bacteria are exhausted
57
potato blight
oomycete | phytophthora infestans
58
downy mildew
plasmopora | oomycete
59
how many fungal species have been described
120,000 described taxonomically
60
hawksworth 1991 fungi estimation
``` estimation of total fungal species based on plant to fungal ratio British isles, US products, sweden, alpine sedge. all from high N lat. biomes no tropical locations used ```
61
fungal estimates based on soils
black spruce forests | Fungal:plant ratio is 17:1 based on forest soils from interior alaska. Estimates at least 6 million fungi species
62
global diversity and geography of SOIL fungi
Plant:Fungal species ratios both highest at equator decline in richness is steeper for plants in temperate and boreal regions more F at high lat and more P closer to equator

Plant, Algal, Fungal Diversity/Adaptation (12 decks)

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