Exam 3 - Chapter 7 Human Memory Flashcards
Levels of processing theory proposes that…
Deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memories
Structural encoding is…
relatively shallow processing that emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus
—Ex. if words are flashed on a screen this type of processing registers things like how the words are printed or the length
Phonemic encoding involves…
Naming or saying the word (may be silently)—emphasizes what the word sounds like
Semantic encoding emphasizes the meaning of ___ input
Verbal input
Enriching encoding is…
improving memory
Elaboration is the…
Linking of a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding – ex. if you were reading about how most phobias are caused by classical conditioning and you connect it to your own fear of spiders and how you were conditioned
Imagery is the…
Creation of visual images to represent the words to be remembered – easier to do with concrete objects such as a ‘juggler’ but more difficult for concepts such as ‘truth’
Dual-coding theory holds that…
memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes since either can lead to recall – Paivio thought that image facilitates a second kind of memory code and two codes are better than one
Motivation to remember (MTR) is ___ at the time of encoding
high
(usually when the information is perceived to be important) people are more likely to exert extra effort to attend and organize information in ways that facilitate future recalls
Sensory memory…
preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second
—Ex. when moving a light into a circle if you move it fast enough you perceive a circle rather than light at a bunch of different positions
Short term memory is…
Limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds
a Chunk is a…
group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit— easier to remember “FBI-NBC-CIA-IBM” than “FB-INB-CC-IAIB-M”
Working memory is a…
modular system for temporary storage and manipulation of information
Phonological loop represents…
Evolved to foster…
All of short term memory in earlier models—at work when you use recitation to temporarily hold onto a phone number— evolved to foster the acquisition of language
A Visuospatial sketchpad…
permits people to temporarily hold and manipulate images
—Ex. mentally arrange furniture in your bedroom
Central executive system controls… (2)
Deployment of attention and dividing attention as needed
Episodic buffer is a…
temporary limited capacity that allows the various components of working memory to integrate information that serves as interface between working memory and long-term memory
Working memory capacity (WMC) refers to…
And can be temporarily reduced by…
one’s ability to hold and manipulate information in conscious attention— can be temporarily reduced by situational factors such as pressure to perform
Flashbulb memories are thought to be…
unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events
Conceptual hierarchy is the…
multi level classification system based on common properties among items
Retrieval cues are stimuli that…
help gain access to memories such as hints, related information, or partial recollections
Misinformation effect occurs when…
participants recall an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post-event information— this could add or remove details
Source monitoring is the process of…
making inferences about the origins of memories
Source monitoring error occurs when…
a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source
Nonsense syllables are…
constant - vowel - constant arrangements that do not correspond to words— a way to help organize/memorize information
Forgetting curve graphs… (2) over time
retention and forgetting overtime
Recall measure requires participants to…
Reproduce information on their own without any cues—asked to memorize a list of 25 words and then simply write them down on a piece of paper or essay or fill in the blank questions
Recognition measure requires participants to…
select previously learned information from an array of options (T/F, multiple choice, or matching questions)
Saving scores provide an…
estimate for participants retention
Pseudoforgetting is…
failing to encode the information therefore believing you have forgotten something but you never learned it— usually attributed to lack of attention
Decay theory is that…
forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time
Interference theory proposes that…
people forget information because of competition from other material— researchers found that decreasing the similarity of test material causes less interference and therefore less forgetting
Retroactive interference is when…
And occurs…
new information impairs the retention of previously learned information
—occurs between the original learning and the retest on that learning
Proactive interference occurs when…
previous learned information interferes with the retention of new information
Encoding specificity principle is a…
value of retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code
Motivated forgetting is when…
The person related to this is…
people keep unpleasant, embarrassing, or painful memories blocked by unconscious avoidance tendencies
Freud.
Declarative memory system handles…
factual information
—recollections of words, definitions, dates, names, events, concepts, ideas, etc.
Semantic memory system handles…
general knowledge, stored information that is not tied to the time it was learned
—Ex. dates, spiders have 8 legs, etc.
Episodic memory system is made up of…
chronological or temporarily dated recollections of personal experiences (includes information about when they happened)
—Ex. first kiss, visiting the Grand Canyon, etc.
Episodic memory is like an ___ while schematic memory is like an ___
autobiography, encyclopedia
Non-declarative memory system is memory for…
actions, skills, conditioned, responses, and emotional memories
—Ex. how to execute actions like riding a bike, typing, or tieing shoes – how to serve
Retrospective memory is…
remembering events from the past or previously learned information
Prospective memory is…
remembering to perform actions in the future
Hindsight bias is the tendency to…
mold one’s interpretation of the past to fit how the events actually turned out
