Exam 3 - Chapter 7 Human Memory

Question 1

Levels of processing theory proposes that…

Answer 1

Deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memories

Question 2

Structural encoding is…

Answer 2

relatively shallow processing that emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus

—Ex. if words are flashed on a screen this type of processing registers things like how the words are printed or the length

Question 3

Phonemic encoding involves…

Answer 3

Naming or saying the word (may be silently)—emphasizes what the word sounds like

Question 4

Semantic encoding emphasizes the meaning of ___ input

Answer 4

Verbal input

Question 5

Enriching encoding is…

Answer 5

improving memory

Question 6

Elaboration is the…

Answer 6

Linking of a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding – ex. if you were reading about how most phobias are caused by classical conditioning and you connect it to your own fear of spiders and how you were conditioned

Question 7

Imagery is the…

Answer 7

Creation of visual images to represent the words to be remembered – easier to do with concrete objects such as a ‘juggler’ but more difficult for concepts such as ‘truth’

Question 8

Dual-coding theory holds that…

Answer 8

memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes since either can lead to recall – Paivio thought that image facilitates a second kind of memory code and two codes are better than one

Question 9

Motivation to remember (MTR) is ___ at the time of encoding

Answer 9

high
(usually when the information is perceived to be important) people are more likely to exert extra effort to attend and organize information in ways that facilitate future recalls

Question 10

Sensory memory…

Answer 10

preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second

—Ex. when moving a light into a circle if you move it fast enough you perceive a circle rather than light at a bunch of different positions

Question 11

Short term memory is…

Answer 11

Limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds

Question 12

a Chunk is a…

Answer 12

group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit— easier to remember “FBI-NBC-CIA-IBM” than “FB-INB-CC-IAIB-M”

Question 13

Working memory is a…

Answer 13

modular system for temporary storage and manipulation of information

Question 14

Phonological loop represents…

Evolved to foster…

Answer 14

All of short term memory in earlier models—at work when you use recitation to temporarily hold onto a phone number— evolved to foster the acquisition of language

Question 15

A Visuospatial sketchpad…

Answer 15

permits people to temporarily hold and manipulate images

—Ex. mentally arrange furniture in your bedroom

Question 16

Central executive system controls… (2)

Answer 16

Deployment of attention and dividing attention as needed

Question 17

Episodic buffer is a…

Answer 17

temporary limited capacity that allows the various components of working memory to integrate information that serves as interface between working memory and long-term memory

Question 18

Working memory capacity (WMC) refers to…

And can be temporarily reduced by…

Answer 18

one’s ability to hold and manipulate information in conscious attention— can be temporarily reduced by situational factors such as pressure to perform

Question 19

Flashbulb memories are thought to be…

Answer 19

unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events

Question 20

Conceptual hierarchy is the…

Answer 20

multi level classification system based on common properties among items

Question 21

Retrieval cues are stimuli that…

Answer 21

help gain access to memories such as hints, related information, or partial recollections

Question 22

Misinformation effect occurs when…

Answer 22

participants recall an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post-event information— this could add or remove details

Question 23

Source monitoring is the process of…

Answer 23

making inferences about the origins of memories

Question 24

Source monitoring error occurs when…

Answer 24

a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source

Question 25

Nonsense syllables are…

Answer 25

constant - vowel - constant arrangements that do not correspond to words— a way to help organize/memorize information

Question 26

Forgetting curve graphs… (2) over time

Answer 26

retention and forgetting overtime

Question 27

Recall measure requires participants to…

Answer 27

Reproduce information on their own without any cues—asked to memorize a list of 25 words and then simply write them down on a piece of paper or essay or fill in the blank questions

Question 28

Recognition measure requires participants to…

Answer 28

select previously learned information from an array of options (T/F, multiple choice, or matching questions)

Question 29

Saving scores provide an…

Answer 29

estimate for participants retention

Question 30

Pseudoforgetting is…

Answer 30

failing to encode the information therefore believing you have forgotten something but you never learned it— usually attributed to lack of attention

Question 31

Decay theory is that…

Answer 31

forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time

Question 32

Interference theory proposes that…

Answer 32

people forget information because of competition from other material— researchers found that decreasing the similarity of test material causes less interference and therefore less forgetting

Question 33

Retroactive interference is when…

And occurs…

Answer 33

new information impairs the retention of previously learned information
—occurs between the original learning and the retest on that learning

Question 34

Proactive interference occurs when…

Answer 34

previous learned information interferes with the retention of new information

Question 35

Encoding specificity principle is a…

Answer 35

value of retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code

Question 36

Motivated forgetting is when…

The person related to this is…

Answer 36

people keep unpleasant, embarrassing, or painful memories blocked by unconscious avoidance tendencies
Freud.

Question 37

Declarative memory system handles…

Answer 37

factual information

—recollections of words, definitions, dates, names, events, concepts, ideas, etc.

Question 38

Semantic memory system handles…

Answer 38

general knowledge, stored information that is not tied to the time it was learned
—Ex. dates, spiders have 8 legs, etc.

Question 39

Episodic memory system is made up of…

Answer 39

chronological or temporarily dated recollections of personal experiences (includes information about when they happened)
—Ex. first kiss, visiting the Grand Canyon, etc.

Question 40

Episodic memory is like an ___ while schematic memory is like an ___

Answer 40

autobiography, encyclopedia

Question 41

Non-declarative memory system is memory for…

Answer 41

actions, skills, conditioned, responses, and emotional memories
—Ex. how to execute actions like riding a bike, typing, or tieing shoes – how to serve

Question 42

Retrospective memory is…

Answer 42

remembering events from the past or previously learned information

Question 43

Prospective memory is…

Answer 43

remembering to perform actions in the future

Question 44

Hindsight bias is the tendency to…

Answer 44

mold one’s interpretation of the past to fit how the events actually turned out