Ch. 11 - Personality & Treatment Flashcards
• Personality:
refers to an individual’s unique set of behavioral traits
does not change from day to day (that would be mood)
• Personality trait:
durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations
• Extravert:
like complex situations tricky on test
• Introvert:
dislike complex situations tricky on test
• Factor analysis:
correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related cluster of variables
• Psychoanalytic theories:
all have a conflict between two extremes (good vs. evil, etc.) and neither side can win (constant balance)—
Psychodynamic Perspectives
(Freud)
• Id:
operates according to the pleasure principle— raw biological urges such as eat, sleep, sex, aggression etc.— demands immediate gratification of its urges
• Pleasure principle:
drive that needs to be satisfied— immediate gratification— present since infancy
• Ego:
decision making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle— develops when gratification is deferred (shortly after birth - hunger)— this is what people see (your personality)
• Superego:
moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong
• Conscious:
whatever one is aware of at a particular time
• Preconscious:
material just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved
• Unconscious:
thoughts memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior
• Defense mechanism:
largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt
• Psychosexual stages:
series of stages that children pass through
• Libido:
sexual energy
• Psychosexual stages:
• Oral stage: birth to 1yr • Anal stage: 1-3yrs -Anal expressive: • Phallic stage: 3-6yrs -Oedipal complex: • Latency stage: 6-12yrs • Genital stage: 12yrs – adulthood
• Oral stage:
birth to 1yr— mouth is focus of stimulation and interaction feeding and noises are central— why babies put everything in their mouths
• Anal stage:
1-3yrs— potty trained, (important on a societal level)— can be too strict (where the term anal comes from) or too lenient
• Phallic stage:
3-6yrs— when superego develops – genitals represent gender, – sexual/sensual feelings develop – mimic mom and dad to attract a similar mate
• Oedipal complex:
children manifest erotically tinged desires for their opposite-sex parent accompanied by feelings of hostility toward their same-sex parent
• Latency stage:
6-12yrs— goes dormant to focus on intellectual endeavors— learning tools of society
• Genital stage:
12yrs – adulthood— cannot be a member of your family – theory was wrong about homosexuality though
• Defense mechanisms:
trick ego to keep id/superego in check— want to lower anxiety
• Repression:
like pressing a beach ball underwater, takes effort and when you relax it pops back up
• Projection:
coming from other people— attributing impulses to someone else
• Reaction formation:
male’s impulses seem opposite
• Displacement:
aiming impulse at a more acceptable target
• Regression:
returning to earlier stage to cope
• Sublimation:
channel energy into something more socially acceptable such as sports, art, etc.
• Therapy:
goal is to bring you down into your unconscious
• Behaviorism:
theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior
• Behaviorism:
- Skinner’s ideas applied to personality
* Bandura’s social cognitive theory
• Skinner’s ideas applied to personality
- Determinism
- Response tendencies:
- Personality development as a product of conditioning
• Determinism:
behavior is fully determined by environmental stimuli
• Response tendencies:
consistent patterns of behavior acquired through experience
• Personality development as a product of conditioning—
when your actions are followed by reinforcement they are strengthened (tell jokes and people laugh so you keep telling jokes) whereas if actions are followed by punishment they are weakened
• Bandura’s social cognitive theory
- Observational learning:
* Self-efficacy:
• Observational learning:
occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others
• Self-efficacy:
one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to specific outcomes
• Humanism:
free will (only theory with this at the core)— you are responsible for your own behavior— each born with a unique potential
person centered theory
• Rodger’s
• Rodger’s person centered theory
- Self concept
- Incongruence
- Actualizing tendency:
- Personality is partially
- Congruence
- Unconditional positive regard
- Conditional positive regard
- Client centered therapy:
• Self concept:
collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior
• Incongruence:
degree of disparity between one’s self-concept and one’s actual experience
• Actualizing tendency:
innate inclination toward growth and fulfillment that motivates all human behavior
• Personality is partially shaped by
self actualizing tendency and partially by evaluations made by others
• Congruence:
goal is that who you are is the person you are everywhere, no difference for different people
• Unconditional positive regard:
people accept you for who you are
• Conditional positive regard:
like/accept you if ____
• Client centered therapy:
therapist sits across from you and acts as a mirror reflecting you to yourself
• Maslow’s theory of self actualization
- Hierarchy of needs:
- Deficiency orientation:
- Growth orientation:
• Maslow’s theory of self actualization • Hierarchy of needs bottom to top:
- Physiological needs: hunger, thirst, etc.
- Safety and security needs
- Belongingness and love needs
- Esteem needs
- Cognitive needs
- Need for self actualization
• Hierarchy of needs:
systematic arrangement of needs according to priority in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused
• Deficiency orientation:
focused on what you do not have
• Growth orientation:
do not focus on what is missing but draw from what they have - positive mindset
• Self report inventories:
personality tests that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behavior
• Projective tests:
asks participants to respond to vague ambiguous stimuli in a way that reveals real feelings, needs, or personality traits
