Ch. 11 - Personality & Treatment

Question 1

• Personality:

Answer 1

refers to an individual’s unique set of behavioral traits

does not change from day to day (that would be mood)

Question 2

• Personality trait:

Answer 2

durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations

Question 3

• Extravert:

Answer 3

like complex situations tricky on test

Question 4

• Introvert:

Answer 4

dislike complex situations tricky on test

Question 5

• Factor analysis:

Answer 5

correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related cluster of variables

Question 6

• Psychoanalytic theories:

Answer 6

all have a conflict between two extremes (good vs. evil, etc.) and neither side can win (constant balance)—

Question 7

Psychodynamic Perspectives

Answer 7

(Freud)

Question 8

• Id:

Answer 8

operates according to the pleasure principle— raw biological urges such as eat, sleep, sex, aggression etc.— demands immediate gratification of its urges

Question 9

• Pleasure principle:

Answer 9

drive that needs to be satisfied— immediate gratification— present since infancy

Question 10

• Ego:

Answer 10

decision making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle— develops when gratification is deferred (shortly after birth - hunger)— this is what people see (your personality)

Question 11

• Superego:

Answer 11

moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong

Question 12

• Conscious:

Answer 12

whatever one is aware of at a particular time

Question 13

• Preconscious:

Answer 13

material just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved

Question 14

• Unconscious:

Answer 14

thoughts memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior

Question 15

• Defense mechanism:

Answer 15

largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt

Question 16

• Psychosexual stages:

Answer 16

series of stages that children pass through

Question 17

• Libido:

Answer 17

sexual energy

Question 18

• Psychosexual stages:

Answer 18

•	Oral stage: birth to 1yr
•	Anal stage: 1-3yrs
-Anal expressive: 
•	Phallic stage: 3-6yrs
-Oedipal complex: 
•	Latency stage: 6-12yrs
•	Genital stage: 12yrs – adulthood

Question 19

• Oral stage:

Answer 19

birth to 1yr— mouth is focus of stimulation and interaction feeding and noises are central— why babies put everything in their mouths

Question 20

• Anal stage:

Answer 20

1-3yrs— potty trained, (important on a societal level)— can be too strict (where the term anal comes from) or too lenient

Question 21

• Phallic stage:

Answer 21

3-6yrs— when superego develops – genitals represent gender, – sexual/sensual feelings develop – mimic mom and dad to attract a similar mate

Question 22

• Oedipal complex:

Answer 22

children manifest erotically tinged desires for their opposite-sex parent accompanied by feelings of hostility toward their same-sex parent

Question 23

• Latency stage:

Answer 23

6-12yrs— goes dormant to focus on intellectual endeavors— learning tools of society

Question 24

• Genital stage:

Answer 24

12yrs – adulthood— cannot be a member of your family – theory was wrong about homosexuality though

Question 25

• Defense mechanisms:

Answer 25

trick ego to keep id/superego in check— want to lower anxiety

Question 26

• Repression:

Answer 26

like pressing a beach ball underwater, takes effort and when you relax it pops back up

Question 27

• Projection:

Answer 27

coming from other people— attributing impulses to someone else

Question 28

• Reaction formation:

Answer 28

male’s impulses seem opposite

Question 29

• Displacement:

Answer 29

aiming impulse at a more acceptable target

Question 30

• Regression:

Answer 30

returning to earlier stage to cope

Question 31

• Sublimation:

Answer 31

channel energy into something more socially acceptable such as sports, art, etc.

Question 32

• Therapy:

Answer 32

goal is to bring you down into your unconscious

Question 33

• Behaviorism:

Answer 33

theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior

Question 34

• Behaviorism:

Answer 34

• Skinner’s ideas applied to personality

* Bandura’s social cognitive theory

Question 35

• Skinner’s ideas applied to personality

Answer 35

• Determinism
• Response tendencies:
• Personality development as a product of conditioning

Question 36

• Determinism:

Answer 36

behavior is fully determined by environmental stimuli

Question 37

• Response tendencies:

Answer 37

consistent patterns of behavior acquired through experience

Question 38

• Personality development as a product of conditioning—

Answer 38

when your actions are followed by reinforcement they are strengthened (tell jokes and people laugh so you keep telling jokes) whereas if actions are followed by punishment they are weakened

Question 39

• Bandura’s social cognitive theory

Answer 39

• Observational learning:

* Self-efficacy:

Question 40

• Observational learning:

Answer 40

occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others

Question 41

• Self-efficacy:

Answer 41

one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to specific outcomes

Question 42

• Humanism:

Answer 42

free will (only theory with this at the core)— you are responsible for your own behavior— each born with a unique potential

Question 43

person centered theory

Answer 43

• Rodger’s

Question 44

• Rodger’s person centered theory

Answer 44

• Self concept
• Incongruence
• Actualizing tendency:
• Personality is partially
• Congruence
• Unconditional positive regard
• Conditional positive regard
• Client centered therapy:

Question 45

• Self concept:

Answer 45

collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior

Question 46

• Incongruence:

Answer 46

degree of disparity between one’s self-concept and one’s actual experience

Question 47

• Actualizing tendency:

Answer 47

innate inclination toward growth and fulfillment that motivates all human behavior

Question 48

• Personality is partially shaped by

Answer 48

self actualizing tendency and partially by evaluations made by others

Question 49

• Congruence:

Answer 49

goal is that who you are is the person you are everywhere, no difference for different people

Question 50

• Unconditional positive regard:

Answer 50

people accept you for who you are

Question 51

• Conditional positive regard:

Answer 51

like/accept you if ____

Question 52

• Client centered therapy:

Answer 52

therapist sits across from you and acts as a mirror reflecting you to yourself

Question 53

• Maslow’s theory of self actualization

Answer 53

• Hierarchy of needs:
• Deficiency orientation:
• Growth orientation:

Question 54

• Maslow’s theory of self actualization • Hierarchy of needs bottom to top:

Answer 54

• Physiological needs: hunger, thirst, etc.
• Safety and security needs
• Belongingness and love needs
• Esteem needs
• Cognitive needs
• Need for self actualization

Question 55

• Hierarchy of needs:

Answer 55

systematic arrangement of needs according to priority in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused

Question 56

• Deficiency orientation:

Answer 56

focused on what you do not have

Question 57

• Growth orientation:

Answer 57

do not focus on what is missing but draw from what they have - positive mindset

Question 58

• Self report inventories:

Answer 58

personality tests that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behavior

Question 59

• Projective tests:

Answer 59

asks participants to respond to vague ambiguous stimuli in a way that reveals real feelings, needs, or personality traits