Ch. 5 - Consciousness Flashcards
Consciousness definition
the awareness of internal and external stimuli - how psychology started— what you are aware of, best interpretation so subjective
Consciousness includes (4)
- Awareness of external events
- Awareness of internal sensations (heart racing)
- Awareness of self as the unique human being having these experiences – reflect on yourself (searching your memory)
- Awareness of your thoughts about these experiences (“I’m going to make a fool of myself”)
Self awareness is…
when making sense of the world you are the center - few animals have this— tested by putting dots on babies noses and if they try to get it off they are self aware
Levels of consciousness include: (3)
- Conscious level
- Preconscious level
- Unconscious level
With levels of consciousness, Freud argued that…
Freud was also the first to…
people’s feelings and behavior are influenced by unconscious needs, wishes, and conflicts that lie below the surface of conscious awareness
— conscious and unconscious processes are different levels of awareness
— first to recognize that consciousness is not an all-or-none phenomenon
EEG monitors…
device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp
Conscious level is when…
one is aware of events and mental processes
Preconscious level is when…
mental events are outside of awareness but can easily be brought into awareness
Unconscious level is when…
mental events are actively kept out of consciousness
Biological rhythms are… Aka:
periodic fluctuations in physiological functioning – also referred to as “biological clocks”
A Circadian rhythm is a…
Mostly influential in…
Daily cycles also produce… and affect…
24-hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species
—Mostly influential in sleep
—Daily cycles also produce rhythmic variations in blood pressure, urine production, hormonal secretions, and other physical functions – also affect alertness, short-term memory, and other cognitive performance aspects – sleep and wake cycle – all mammals have this
Sleep is defined by … which is measured by an…
defined by brain waves (measured by EEG)
EMG records…
records muscular activity and tension
EOG records…
records eye movements
EKG records…
records contractions of the heart
REM sleep is the ___ stage of sleep marked by… (3)
deep stage of sleep (NOT RLLY A STAGE) marked by rapid eye movements, high frequency brain waves, and dreaming
non-REM sleep consists of…
consists of sleep stages 1-3 which are marked by the absence of rapid eye movements, dreaming occurs, and varied EEG activity
Awake sleep includes ___ waves, high/low frequency, high/low voltage
Drowsy sleep includes ___ waves and are…
Beta waves → high frequency, low voltage
Alpha waves → Relaxing, meditating
Sleep stage 1 are ___ waves, ___ sleep
Sleep stage 2 are ___ , and it is…
Sleep stage 3 are ___ waves, ___ sleep
Sleep Stage 4 are ___ waves, ___ sleep
- theta waves → light sleep
- sleep spindles → hard to wake up
- delta waves →Slow wave sleep
- delta waves→ Slow wave sleep
Order of brain waves are: (5)
- Beta – awake/REM – fast and short
- Alpha – drowsy
- Theta – stage 1 – light sleep
- Sleep spindles – stage 2 – hard to wake up
- Delta – stages 3 and 4
Order of brain waves
- Beta – awake/REM – fast and short
- Alpha – drowsy
- Theta – stage 1 – light sleep
- Sleep spindles – stage 2 – hard to wake up
- Delta – stages 3 and 4
Functions of sleep: (9)
- temperature dips
- levels of hormone cortisol (responsible for stress) dip at bedtime and increase overnight to allow alertness in the morning
- improve problem solving and learning
- memory consolidation/organization so you can find them
- creativity/problem solving
- General body recuperation (tissue growth and repair)
- appears to strengthen immune system
- washing toxins
- Memory consolidation
Memory consolidation studies suggest that REM and slow-wave sleep contribute to…
firming up learning that takes place during the day
Not sleeping → leads to… (5)
- Emotional volatility/inhibition
- impairs attention (ability to focus, not notice)
- Motor coordination
- Impairs immunity
- Cognition impaired (cognition = Memory/Learning/Attention/Problem solving)
Sleep deprivation can impair… (4)
can impair reaction time, attention, motor coordination, and decision making
Selective deprivation is when you are deprived of only… but…
deprived of only REM sleep but sufficient amount of non-REM – has little repercussions on daytime functioning
Alcohol makes you… in stages ___ & 4
Depressant: Activates inactive parts of you, inhibits new memory formation
- Makes you sleep longer in stages 3 & 4 (NonREM)
- Decrease REM → REM sleep necessary
- Hormone inhibition
- Insomnia is the…
And results from…
most common sleep disorder
- refers to chronic problems in getting adequate sleep that results in daytime fatigue and impaired functioning – three different patterns include: trouble falling asleep initially, difficulty maintaining sleep, and persistent early morning awakening
- Narcolepsy is…
and goes directly from ___ to ___ sleep
falling asleep without warning – goes directly from wakefulness to REM sleep
- Sleep apnea is when…
a person briefly and frequently stops breathing during the night – wakes the person up back to stage 1 or 2
- Night terrors is … and happens toward the ___ of sleep
in stage 3 & 4 – don’t remember – common in toddlers and college students – happen more towards the beginning of sleep (when more nonREM sleep occurs)
- Nightmares is during ___ sleep
during REM sleep – remember them – happen closer to the morning (when more REM sleep takes place)
- Sleepwalking is during ___ sleep
during deep sleep (nonREM) – do not remember
Dreaming (3 Theories)
- Wish fulfillment → (Freud)
- Problem Solving → (Cartwright)
- Activation synthesis model → (Hobson & Mccarley)
- Wish fulfillment → (Freud)
- The days residue shapes dreams to satisfy unconscious desires
- believed that the purpose of dreams was wish fulfillment – people fulfill unmet or suppressed needs from waking moments (food you wanted to eat, people you want to have sex with, etc.)
- Problem Solving → (Cartwright)
- Think about major problems in our lives
- believed that dreams help us work through problems we were not able to solve during the day – named the problem solving/mood regulation view – dreams allow people to engage in creative thinking about problems because dreams are not restrained by logic or realism – contributes to improvement in mood – think about major problems in our life
- Activation synthesis model → (Hobson & Mccarley)
- “Cerebral cortex synthesis” Neurons firing randomly, Brain has ambiguity so it makes randomness into story
- dreams are side effects of the neural activation that produces beta brain waves during REM sleep that are associated with wakefulness – brain fires random signals so a dream is merely the brain trying to make sense of the signals (does not like randomness)
Hypnosis → requires…
And is a…
requires invitation, teamwork, emotion
Altered state of consciousness brought on by spatial techniques; procedures responsiveness to suggestions for changes un experience behaviors
Effects on people that are susceptible to hypnosis: (7)
- Anesthesia
- Sensory distortions and hallucinations
- Disinhibition
- Posthypnotic suggestions and amnesia
- Reduced planning
- Redistributed attention
- Aid memory:
Theories of hypnosis: (3)
- Role playing:
- Altered state of consciousness:
- Dissociation
Psychoactive drugs are… that modify… (3)
chemical substances that modify mental, emotional, or behavioral functioning
Physical dependence with drugs exists when…
a person must continue to take a drug to avoid withdrawal illness– body needs it to feel normal
Psychological dependence with drugs exists when…
a person must continue to take a drug to satisfy intense mental and emotional cravings– feel like you need to have it or something is wrong
Reward pathway is the… associated with…
dopamine addiction associated with habits/drugs
Direct effects of the Reward pathway: (1)
damage tissue directly
– ex. snorting cocaine can damage nasal tissue directly and known to be associated with a number of respiratory problems and alcohol is related to risk of liver diseases and cancer
Indirect effects of the Reward pathway: (1)
impact of behavior
- often people using sedatives do not eat or sleep properly
- alcohol contributes to about 40% of motor vehicle deaths
