Ch. 10 - Developmental

Question 1

• Development:

Answer 1

sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from contraception to death

Question 2

Process Before Birth: Prenatal Development

Answer 2

• Prenatal period:
• Germinal stage:
• Embryonic stage
• Fetal stage

Question 3

• Prenatal period:

Answer 3

extends from conception to birth usually encompassing nine months of pregnancy

Question 4

• Germinal stage:

Answer 4

first phase of prenatal development – first two weeks after conception

Question 5

• Placenta:

Answer 5

structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother’s blood stream and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother

Question 6

• Embryonic stage:

Answer 6

second stage of prenatal development lasting from two weeks until the end of the second month

Question 7

• Fetal stage:

Answer 7

third stage that lasts from two months to birth

Question 8

• Threshold of viability:

Answer 8

the age at which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth

Question 9

• Fetal alcohol syndrome:

Answer 9

a collection of congenital (inborn) problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy –

Question 10

• Fetal alcohol syndrome:

Typical problems:

Answer 10

small head, heart defects, irritability, hyperactivity, and delayed motor development

Question 11

• Motor development:

Answer 11

refers to the progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities

Question 12

• Maturation:

Answer 12

development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one’s genetic blueprint

Question 13

• Developmental norms:

Answer 13

indicate the typical age at which individuals display various behaviors and abilities

Question 14

• Attachment:

Answer 14

close emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers

Question 15

• Separation anxiety:

Answer 15

emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment

Question 16

• Fast mapping:

Answer 16

process by which children map a word into an underlying concept after only one exposure

Question 17

• Over exaggeration:

Answer 17

occurs when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects or actions than it is meant to

Question 18

• Underextensions:

Answer 18

occur when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects or actions than it is meant to

Question 19

• Telegraphic speech:

Answer 19

consists mainly of content words (articles, prepositions, and other less critical words) are omitted

Question 20

• Over regularizations:

Answer 20

occur when grammatical words are incorrectly generalised to irregular cases where they do not apply

Question 21

• Stage:

Answer 21

developmental period during which characteristic patterns of behavior are exhibited and certain capacities become established

Question 22

stage theories assume that…

Answer 22

• Individuals must progress through specific stages in a particular order because a stage builds on the previous stage
• Progress through these stages is strongly related to age
• Development is marked by discontinuities that usher in dramatic transitions in behavior

Question 23

• Erikson’s stage theory:

Answer 23

divided lifespan into eight stages – each stage brings a psychological crisis involving transitions in important social relationships – personality is developed by how an individual deals with these crises

Question 24

• Cognitive development:

Answer 24

refers to transitions in youngster’s patterns of thinking including reasoning, remembering, and problem solving

Question 25

• Piaget’s Stage Theory:

Answer 25

proposed that children’s thought process goes through a series of four major changes

Question 26

• Sensorimotor period:

Answer 26

infants are developing the ability to coordinate their sensory input with their motor actions

Question 27

• Object permanence:

Answer 27

develops when a child recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible

Question 28

• Preoperational period:

Answer 28

• Conservation
• Centration
• Irreversibility
• Egocentrism
• Animism

Question 29

• Conservation:

Answer 29

awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance

Question 30

• Centration:

Answer 30

tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem neglecting other important aspects

Question 31

• Irreversibility:

Answer 31

inability to envision reversing the action – cannot mentally “undo” something

Question 32

• Egocentrism:

Answer 32

characterised by a limited ability to share another person’s viewpoint

Question 33

• Animism:

Answer 33

the belief that all things are living

Question 34

• Concrete operational period:

Answer 34

children can only perform operations on images of tangible objects and actual events

Question 35

• Formal operational period:

Answer 35

children begin to apply their operations to abstract concepts in addition to concrete objects

Question 36

• Puberty:

Answer 36

stage during which sexual functions reach maturity which marks the beginning of adolescents

Question 37

• Puberty:

Answer 37

• Primary sex characteristics
• Menarche
• Spermarche

Question 38

• Primary sex characteristics:

Answer 38

structures necessary for reproduction

Question 39

• Menarche:

Answer 39

the first occurrence of menstruation

Question 40

• Spermarche:

Answer 40

the first occurrence of ejaculation

Question 41

• Dementia:

Answer 41

an abnormal condition marked by multiple cognitive deficits that include memory impairment

Question 42

• Absent grief:

Answer 42

low levels of depression before and after the spouse’s death

Question 43

• Chronic grief:

Answer 43

low pre-loss depression is followed by a sustained depression after the spouse’s death

Question 44

• Common grief:

Answer 44

spike in depression shortly after the spouse’s death and decline in depression over time

Question 45

• Chronic depression:

Answer 45

describes those who experience high levels od depression both before and after the loss of a spouse