Ch. 10 - Developmental Flashcards
- Development:
sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from contraception to death
Process Before Birth: Prenatal Development
- Prenatal period:
- Germinal stage:
- Embryonic stage
- Fetal stage
- Prenatal period:
extends from conception to birth usually encompassing nine months of pregnancy
- Germinal stage:
first phase of prenatal development – first two weeks after conception
- Placenta:
structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother’s blood stream and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother
- Embryonic stage:
second stage of prenatal development lasting from two weeks until the end of the second month
- Fetal stage:
third stage that lasts from two months to birth
- Threshold of viability:
the age at which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth
- Fetal alcohol syndrome:
a collection of congenital (inborn) problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy –
- Fetal alcohol syndrome:
Typical problems:
small head, heart defects, irritability, hyperactivity, and delayed motor development
- Motor development:
refers to the progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities
- Maturation:
development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one’s genetic blueprint
- Developmental norms:
indicate the typical age at which individuals display various behaviors and abilities
- Attachment:
close emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers
- Separation anxiety:
emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment
- Fast mapping:
process by which children map a word into an underlying concept after only one exposure
- Over exaggeration:
occurs when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects or actions than it is meant to
- Underextensions:
occur when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects or actions than it is meant to
- Telegraphic speech:
consists mainly of content words (articles, prepositions, and other less critical words) are omitted
- Over regularizations:
occur when grammatical words are incorrectly generalised to irregular cases where they do not apply
- Stage:
developmental period during which characteristic patterns of behavior are exhibited and certain capacities become established
stage theories assume that…
- Individuals must progress through specific stages in a particular order because a stage builds on the previous stage
- Progress through these stages is strongly related to age
- Development is marked by discontinuities that usher in dramatic transitions in behavior
- Erikson’s stage theory:
divided lifespan into eight stages – each stage brings a psychological crisis involving transitions in important social relationships – personality is developed by how an individual deals with these crises
- Cognitive development:
refers to transitions in youngster’s patterns of thinking including reasoning, remembering, and problem solving
- Piaget’s Stage Theory:
proposed that children’s thought process goes through a series of four major changes
- Sensorimotor period:
infants are developing the ability to coordinate their sensory input with their motor actions
- Object permanence:
develops when a child recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible
- Preoperational period:
- Conservation
- Centration
- Irreversibility
- Egocentrism
- Animism
- Conservation:
awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance
- Centration:
tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem neglecting other important aspects
- Irreversibility:
inability to envision reversing the action – cannot mentally “undo” something
- Egocentrism:
characterised by a limited ability to share another person’s viewpoint
- Animism:
the belief that all things are living
- Concrete operational period:
children can only perform operations on images of tangible objects and actual events
- Formal operational period:
children begin to apply their operations to abstract concepts in addition to concrete objects
- Puberty:
stage during which sexual functions reach maturity which marks the beginning of adolescents
- Puberty:
- Primary sex characteristics
- Menarche
- Spermarche
- Primary sex characteristics:
structures necessary for reproduction
- Menarche:
the first occurrence of menstruation
- Spermarche:
the first occurrence of ejaculation
- Dementia:
an abnormal condition marked by multiple cognitive deficits that include memory impairment
- Absent grief:
low levels of depression before and after the spouse’s death
- Chronic grief:
low pre-loss depression is followed by a sustained depression after the spouse’s death
- Common grief:
spike in depression shortly after the spouse’s death and decline in depression over time
- Chronic depression:
describes those who experience high levels od depression both before and after the loss of a spouse
