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PSYCH 101 > Ch. 6 - Learning > Flashcards

Ch. 6 - Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning is any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to ___, and shapes… (4)

A

experience,

and shapes 1) all personal habits, 2) personality traits, 3) personal preferences, and 4) emotional responses

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2
Q

Conditioning is…

A

repeated pairing of unconditioned stimulus with neutral stimulus

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3
Q

Conditioning involves…

and if done correctly the ___ stimulus becomes the ___ stimulus

A

learning associations between events that occur in an organism’s environment,

and if done correctly the NEUTRAL stimulus becomes the CONDITIONED stimulus

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4
Q

Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which…

A

a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus

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5
Q

Classical conditioning manipulates ___ responses

The person connected to classical conditioning is…

A

INVOLUNTARY responses

Pavlov

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6
Q 
In Pavlov's experiment the
Unconditioned stimulus was:
Unconditioned response was: 
Conditioned stimulus was:
Conditioned response was:
A

Unconditioned stimulus- salivation
Unconditioned response- presentation of meat powder
Conditioned stimulus- the bell (once you ring the bell and the dog salivates it is no longer a neutral stimulus, it is conditioned)
Conditioned response- salivation (a.k.a. P’s “psychic reflex” or conditioned reflex)

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7
Q

Unconditioned response is an… that occurs…

A

unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning

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8
Q

Conditioned stimulus is a…

A

previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a response

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9
Q

Conditioned response is a…

and is characterized as…

A

A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning

Is characterized as reflexes said to be drawn forth because most of them are relatively automatic or involuntary

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10
Q

Classical connections are…

A

human beings connection/correlation to makers

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11
Q

Trial (in classical conditioning) consists of…

A

any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli

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12
Q

Basic processes in classical conditioning include: (2)

A

Acquisition and Extinction

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13
Q

Acquisition refers to the…

and depends on…

A

initial stage of learning a new response tendency

Depends on stimulus contiguity (occur together in time and space)

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14
Q

Extinction is the…

and is the consistent presentation of…

A

the gradual weakening or disappearance of a response tendency because the response is no longer followed by reinforcement.
Is the consistent presentation of the stimulus alone without the unconditioned stimulus

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15
Q

Stimulus generalization occurs when an organism…

and is… given…

A

responds to a new stimulus as if it were the original

Adaptive given that organisms rarely encounter the exact same stimulus more than once

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16
Q

The more similar the new stimuli are to the original CS the greater the likelihood of…
Which is generally how ___ develop

A

generalization.

Generally how panic disorders develop

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17
Q

Stimulus discrimination occurs when an organism has…

A

learned a response to specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

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18
Q

The less similar the new stimuli are to the original CS the greater the likelihood of…

A

discrimination.

E.g. animals need to be able to discriminate from friend/foe or edible/poisonous food

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19
Q

Higher order conditioning is when a…

A

conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus

20
Q

Higher order conditioning is the “___ step” of classical conditioning

A

“second step” of classical conditioning

21
Q

Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which…

A

voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences

22
Q

Operant conditioning governs ___ responses and the person connected to this conditioning was ___

A

VOLUNTARY responses— Skinner

23
Q

Reinforcement occurs when…

A

an event following a response increases an organism’s tendency to make that response

24
Q

Primary reinforcers are events that are…

A

inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs.

Ex. (for humans this includes): food, sex, water, warmth, and perhaps affection (hugging and close bodily contact)

25
Q

Secondary or conditioned reinforcers are events that…

A

acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.

Ex. (for humans this includes): money, good grades, flattery, praise, applause, attention – material things that humans work hard for

26
Q

Continuous reinforcement occurs when… —often used to…

A

Reinforcement is given every time the response occurs – often used to establish a new response then move to another schedule

27
Q

Intermittent reinforcement occurs when…

—which makes responses more ___ to ___

A

A designated response is reinforced only some of the time—which makes responses more resistant to extinction

28
Q

Fixed ratio is when the reinforcer is…

A

given after a specific number of non-reinforced responses
— Ex. rat is gives food every 10th time it presses the lever or a sales person gets a bonus every 5th gym membership sold

29
Q

Variable ratio is when the reinforcer is… —varies around…

A

given after a variable number of responses— varies around a predetermined average.

Ex. rat is given food on avg. every 10th time but the exact number of reinforced responses varies from one time to the next, slot machines

30
Q

In general, ratio schedules tend to produce ___ responding than interval schedules do,
and interval schedules tend to generate ___ response rates than fixed counterparts do

A

More rapid responding than interval schedules do

steadier response rates and greater resistance to extinction

31
Q

Positive reinforcement: occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the…

A

presentation of a rewarding stimulus— good grades, tasty food, pay checks, etc.

32
Q

Negative reinforcement occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the…

A

removal of an unpleasant stimulus— not having to do the dishes (or other chores) or removing a shock

33
Q

Punishment occurs when an event following a response ___the tendency to make that response—usually leads to…

A

weakens the tendency to make that response— usually leads to the rapid decline of the action

Ex. in skinner’s box if the rat were to press the lever and it was shocked

34
Q

Skinner’s box is a…

while the consequences of the response are…

A

small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled

35
Q

Reinforcement contingencies are the…

A

circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers

36
Q

Cumulative recorder creates a…

A

graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a skinner box as a function of time

37
Q

Rapid response rate produces a ___ slope whereas a slow response produces a ___ slope

A

Steep slope, shallow slope

38
Q

Shaping is a…

A

gradual process of the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response

39
Q

Resistance to extinction occurs when an organism…

A

continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer and before the action has been terminated

40
Q

Renewal effect is when…

A

It appears that the result of extinction is that organisms learn not to make a specific response in a specific context, as opposed to any and all contexts

41
Q

Stimuli that precede a response can also influence ___

A

Behavior

42
Q

Discriminative stimuli are…

A

Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or non-reinforcement) of a response

43
Q

Observational learning occurs when…

A

An organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others (models)

44
Q

Retention is when you…

A

Must store a mental representation of what you have witnessed in your memory

45
Q

Reproduction is when… depends on… by…

A

Enacting the modeled response depends on your ability to reproduce the response by converting your stored mental images to overt behavior

PSYCH 101 (13 decks)

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