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PSYCH 101 > Ch. 3 - Biology and Behavior > Flashcards

Ch. 3 - Biology and Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

Neurons are:

A

individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate and transmit information

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2
Q

Soma is the:

A

the body of the cell— containing cell’s nucleus and organelles

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3
Q

Dendrites are… that specialize to…

A

parts of the neuron that are specialized to receive information— information moves from here through cell body

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4
Q

Axon is a… that…

A

long, thin fiber that transmits signals away from the soma to other neurons or to muscles or glands

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5
Q

Myelin sheath is an… that…

A

insulating material that encases some axons, that speeds up the transmission of signals that move along axons— also stabilizes axon structure and pattern of connectivity in neural networks

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6
Q

Terminal buttons are… that…

A

small knobs that secrete neurotransmitters (chemicals)

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7
Q

Synapses are the… where…

A

junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to another

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8
Q

“All-or-none” law for neurons is the need to… and is determined by…

A

need to reach a certain threshold to fire—strength is determined by how often the neuron fires

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9
Q

Glia are… found… that…

A

cells found throughout the nervous system that provide various types of support for neurons— supply nourishment to neurons, help remove waste products, provide insulation

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10
Q

Resting potential is ___, ___ charge when the cell is inactive

A

is stable, negative charge when the cell is inactive

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11
Q

Action potential is ___, and reflected by a…

A

very brief shift in a neuron’s electrical charge that travels along an axon— reflected by a voltage spike

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12
Q

Absolute refractory period is the…

Aka:

A

minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin
Aka: ‘down time’

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13
Q

Synaptic cleft is a…

A

a microscopic gap between the terminal button of one neuron and the cell membrane of the next neuron

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14
Q

Presynaptic neuron ___ the signal while postsynaptic neuron ___ the signal

A

Presynaptic neuron that sends the signal

Postsynaptic neuron receives the signal

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15
Q

Synaptic vesicles are… that store ___ within…

A

small sacs that store chemicals (neurotransmitters) within the terminal buttons

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16
Q

Postsynaptic potential (PSP) is a… on a…

A

voltage change at a receptor site on a postsynaptic cell membrane— do not follow the all or none law
- instead they are graded or they vary in size which can increase/decrease the probability of a neural impulse in the receiving cell in proportion to the amount of voltage change

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17
Q

Excitatory PSP is a (positive/negative) voltage shift that increases/decreases…

A

positive voltage shift that increases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials

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18
Q

Inhibitory PSP is a (positive/negative) voltage shift that increases/decreases…

A

negative voltage shift that decreases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials

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19
Q

Reuptake is the process by which… by… — allows…

A

neurotransmitters are sponged up from the synaptic cleft by the presynaptic membrane— allows synapses to recycle their materials

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20
Q

Integrating signals is when a neuron must…before…

A

integrate the excitatory and inhibitory signals before it decides to fire an impulse

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21
Q

Synaptic pruning is synapses…

A

synapses elimination of old or less active

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22
Q

Peripheral nervous system os made up of…

A

all the nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord

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23
Q

Nerves are… that are…

A

bundles of neuron fibers (axons) that are routed together in the peripheral nervous system

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24
Q

Somatic nervous system os made up of… that…

A

made up of nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and sensory receptors

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25
Q

Afferent nerve fibers (axons) carry information inward to … from …

A

carry information inward to the central nervous system from the periphery of the body

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26
Q

Efferent nerve fibers (axons) that carry information from … to …

A

carry information outward from the central nervous system to the periphery of the body

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27
Q

Autonomic nervous system is made up of ___ that connect to the… (4)

A

made up of nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands

28
Q

Sympathetic division…

A

mobilizes the body’s resources for emergencies

29
Q

Parasympathetic division…

A

generally conserves bodily resources

30
Q

Central nervous system consists of the… (2)

A

brain and the spinal cord

31
Q

Spinal cord connects the ___ to ___ through …

A

connects the brain to the rest of the body through the peripheral nervous system

32
Q

Lesioning involved…

A

involves destroying a piece of the brain— typically done by inserting an electrode into a brain structure and passing a high frequency electric current through it to burn the tissue and disable the structure

33
Q

Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) involves… to…

A

sending a weak electric current into a brain to stimulate (activate) it

34
Q

CT scans are a…

A

computer enhanced x-ray of brain structure

35
Q

MRI scan uses… too…

A

magnetic fields, radio waves, and computerized enhancement to map out a brain structure— produce 3D images

36
Q

PET scans use… to…

A

use radioactive markers to map chemical activity in the brain over time

37
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging consists of… that monitor… to identify…

A

new variations on MRI technology that monitor blood flow and oxygen consumption in the brain to identify areas of high activity

38
Q

Hindbrain includes the… (3)

A

cerebellum, medulla and pons

39
Q

Medulla controls the… (functions)

A

unconscious— essential functions such as breathing, maintaining muscle tone, and regulating circulation— attaches to the spinal cord

40
Q

Pons includes… that…

and contain…

A

a bridge of fibers that connects the brainstem with the cerebellum— contain several clusters of cell bodies involved in sleep and arousal

41
Q

Cerebellum is involved in… (3)

A

coordination, physical balance, sensing position of limbs

42
Q

Midbrain contains the area that is concerned with…

A

integrating sensory processes such as vision and hearing

43
Q

Reticular formation contributes to the… best known for its role in…

A

contributes to the exertion of muscle reflexes, breathing, and pain perception
—(known best for its role in) regulation of sleep and wakefulness, contributes to arousal

44
Q

Forebrain is the…

A

largest and most complex region of the brain

45
Q

Thalamus is where…

A

all sensory information (except smell) must pass to get to the cerebral cortex— active role integrating information from various senses

46
Q

Hypothalamus controls… (6)

Hint: F

A

body temperature, thirst, hunger, sleep, and emotional activity as well as regulating basic biological drives related to survival (four Fs: fighting, fleeing, feeding, and “mating”)

47
Q

Limbic system contains…

A

‘pleasure centers’

48
Q

Hippocampus plays a role in (3)

A

memory process, consolidation of memories for factual information, and other types of memories

49
Q

Consolidation involves the…

A

conversion of information into a durable memory code

50
Q

Amygdala plays a central role in…

A

the learning of fear responses and the processing of other basic emotional responses

51
Q

Medial forebrain bundle is rich in ___ neurons

A

dopamine-releasing neurons

52
Q

Cerebrum includes areas of the brain that are responsible for (4)

A

learning, remembering, thinking, and consciousness

53
Q

Cerebral cortex is the…

A

outer layer

54
Q

Cerebral hemispheres are…

A

divided into the left and right hemispheres

55
Q

Corpus callosum is a… that…

A

major structure that connects the two hemispheres

56
Q

Occipital lobe is where most… and ___ begins

A

visual signals are sent and visual processing begins

57
Q

Parietal lobe includes area that registers…

A

sense of touch—integrating visual input and regulating the body’s position in space

58
Q

Temporal lobe contains the area devoted to…

A

auditory processing

59
Q

Frontal lobe controls…

A

movement of muscles

60
Q

Mirror neurons are neurons that are…

A

activated by performing an action or by seeing another monkey or person perform the same action

61
Q

Neurogenesis is the…

A

formation of new neurons

62
Q

Post-mortem structural studies
Advantages (1)
Weaknesses (2)

A 
Advantages:
-Can see actual structures
Weaknesses:
-People must be dead
-Cannot see how it works
63
Q

Lesion studies
Advantages (2)
Weaknesses (1)

A

Advantages:
-Easy to acquire damage - accidents happen
-Ethical— you are not causing the harm
Weaknesses:
-Case study method— not all brains are the same therefore it is hard to generalize

64
Q

Direct cortical stimulation
Advantages (1)
Weaknesses (1)

A

Advantages:
-When removing a tumor this method can help prevent removing too much tissue or interfering with a crucial function
Weaknesses:
-Can only look at what you can get to

65
Q

EEG Machines
Advantages (1)
Weaknesses (1)

A

Advantages:
-Good when looking at timing
Weaknesses:
-Localizing (which part is responsible for the activity

PSYCH 101 (13 decks)

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