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PSYCH 101 > Ch. 2 - Research Methods > Flashcards

Ch. 2 - Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Scientific approach to anything assumes that…

A

events are governed by some lawful order

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2
Q

Psychologists and other scientists share these three goals:

A

1) Measurement and Description
2) Understanding and Predicting
3) Application and Control

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3
Q

Advantages of the Scientific Approach are (2)

A

1) Clarity and Precision

2) Intolerance to Error

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4
Q

Intolerance to Error is when…

A

two things conflict much work is put in by scientists to determine where the error came from and find a conclusion

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5
Q

Lab experiments usually have:

A
  • at least two groups (experimental/control)
  • at least two variables (independent/dependent)
  • a confounding variable
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6
Q

An independent variable…

A

varies between set ups to determine its impact on another variable (possible to manipulate more than one)

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7
Q

A dependent variable is a variable…

A

whose outcome is thought to depend on the independent (or changing) variable (possible to measure more than one)

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8
Q

An experimental group is…

A

subjects who receive some special treatment in regards to the independent variable

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9
Q

A control group is…

A

similar subjects who did not receive the special treatment seen in the experimental group

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10
Q

Extraneous variables are…

A

any variables besides the independent variable that may have influenced the dependent variable in the specific study

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11
Q

Confounding of variables occurs when…

A

two variables are linked in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their specific effects - hard to tell whether the independent variable is affecting the dependent variable or not

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12
Q

Disadvantages to scientific experiments are (2)

A

1) Artificial or far more simple than a real life circumstance
2) Some research questions cannot be tested

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13
Q

Lack of control is when…

A

they cannot demonstrate cause and effect relationships between variable

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14
Q

Correlation is when…

A

two variables are related to each other

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15
Q

Naturalistic observation is when a researcher…

A

engages in careful observation of behavior without intervening directly with the subjects

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16
Q

Strengths of naturalistic observation (2)

A
  • Real life

- Descriptive

17
Q

Problems of naturalistic observation (4)

A
  • Lacks control
  • Cannot draw conclusions
  • Participant reactivity
  • Observer bias
18
Q

Case study is…

A

an in-depth investigation of an individual subject

19
Q

Problems of case studies are (2)

A
  • Representativeness —cannot generalize one person to a large group
  • relatively easy for investigators to see what they want to see or expect to see in case study research
20
Q

Advantages of surveys are (2)

A
  • Cheap

- Efficient

21
Q

Weakness of surveys (2)

A
  • Question bias

- People lie (recall bias, socially acceptable, simply lying)

22
Q

Replication is…

A

repeating a study to see if the results are the same

23
Q

Meta-analysis combines…

A

statistical results of many studies of the same question yielding an estimate of the size and consistency of a variable’s effect

24
Q

Sampling bias exists when…

A

a sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn

25
Q

Sample is a…

A

collection of subjects selected for observation in an empirical study

26
Q

Social desirability bias is the…

A

tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about one’s self

27
Q

Others in distortions of self reported data…

A

misunderstand questions, error in memory, order the questions are asked

28
Q

Halo effect occurs when…

A

someone’s overall evaluation of a person, object, or institution spills over to influence more specific ratings

29
Q

Experimenter bias occurs when…

A

a researcher’s expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the outcome of the results obtained

30
Q

Reliability is the…

A

consistency with respect to measurement

31
Q

Validity answers…

A

does it measure what it says it is measuring

32
Q

Advantage of case studies

A

Rich data

33
Q

Advantages of lab experiments (2)

A
  • Control

- Determine cause and effect

34
Q

Weaknesses of lab experiments (2)

A
  • Artificial

- Ethics

PSYCH 101 (13 decks)

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