exam 3: chapter 26 Flashcards
define varicose veins and what causes it
○ Varicose veins:
■ A vein in which blood has pooled
■ Caused by trauma or gradual venous distention
risk factors for varicose veins
Age, female, family history, obesity, pregnancy, DVT, prior leg injury
define thrombus
■ blood clot that remains attached to the vessel wall
■ Obstruction of venous flow leading to increased venous pressure
■ More common in veins due to lower pressure (hold more)
thrombus risk factors
■ Triad virchow
● Venous stasis
● Venous endothelial damage
● Hypercoagulability:
○ Certain medications/ Afib (irregular rhythm)/ clotting
■ Contraceptives
what is the biggest concern for a thrombus?
Detaching and becoming a thromboembolism
what is the difference between primary and secondary hypertension?
○ Primary:
■ Idiopathic (unknown)
○ Secondary:
■ Known cause (raises peripheral vascular resistance and cardiac output)
describe the pathophysiology of a thrombus
Localized platelet aggregation and fibrin entrap RBCs, WBCs, and more platelets to form a thrombus. A frequent site of thrombus formation is the valve cusps of veins, where venous stasis occurs. As a thrombus enlarges, increased numbers of blood cells and fibrin collect behind it. This makes a larger clot with a “tail” that eventually blocks the lumen of the vein.
A venous thrombus can travel to ______
the lungs
an arterial thrombus can travel to ________
brain and heart
define thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger disease)
○ Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease)
● Thrombus: plaque
● Angiitis: pain
● Obliterans: inflammation
■ Inflammatory disease of the peripheral arteries
■ Strongly associated with smoking
■ Can lead to gangrenous lesions and amputations
■ Intermittent claudication
● Pain with walking
signs and symptoms of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease)
● Pain, tenderness (hands/feet)
● Slow sluggish blood flow
■ Can lead to gangrenous lesions and amputations
■ Intermittent claudication
● Pain with walking
what is Raynaud’s disease/phenomenon
○ Episodic vasospasm in arteries and arterioles of the fingers, less commonly in toes
○ White (ischemia) then blue (hypoxia) then red as blood flow returns
○ Triggered by cold temperatures, anxiety, or stress
define atherosclerosis
thickening and hardening of the vessel wall
atherosclerosis risk factors
■ Diabetes, smoking, hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia, HTN
○ Results in - inadequate perfusion, ischemia, necrosis
when does angina pectoris occur and what is the most common cause for it?
Chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle does not receive enough blood or oxygen.
The most common cause is coronary artery disease (CAD), which is narrowing or blockage of the arteries that supply blood to the heart
stable angina is described as
Chest pain is caused by gradual luminal narrowing and hardening of the arterial walls (associated inflammation, endothelial cell dysfunction and a decrease in endogenous vasodilators) that produces myocardial ischemia (heart attack)
Gets better with rest
unstable angina is
○ Unstable angina: Acute coronary syndromes
■ Reversible myocardial ischemia
■ Unpredictable, often occurs at rest
define MI, MI manifestations and complications
○ MI: Acute coronary syndrome
■ Sudden and extended obstruction of the myocardial blood supply
■ Cell injury -> cellular death
■ Supply and demand issue
■ Results in structural and functional changes
■ Manifestations
● Sudden severe chest pain; may radiate
● N/V
● Diaphoresis (sweating)
● Dyspnea (SOB)
■ Complications
● Sudden cardiac arrest due to ischemia, left ventricular dysfunction, and electrical instability
define pericarditits
■ Swelling and irritation of the thin, saclike tissue surrounding the heart (pericardium)
■ Pain
■ Exudate
● Serous -> pericardial effusion
● Fibrous -> friction rub; adhesions
■ ECG change
what is pericardial effusion?
■ Fluid accumulation in the pericardial space
■ Cause: injury or inflammation from trauma, cardiac surgery, cancer, cardiac rupture
■ Composed of blood or pus
what is rheumatic heart disease
○ Rheumatic fever:
■ Systemic inflammatory disease caused by a delayed immune response to pharyngeal infection by the group A B-hemolytic streptococci
■ Febrile illness
● Inflammation of the joints, skin, nervous system, and heart
■ If left untreated, rheumatic fever may cause rheumatic heart disease
what are some clinical manifestations of rheumatic heart disease?
○ Manifestations: Diagnosis based on Jones Criteria
■ Common:
● n/v
● Tachycardia
● Fever
● Abdominal pain
■ Major:
● Carditis (inflammation of the heart)
● Polyarthritis (joints)
● Chorea (involuntary spasms of limbs)
● Erythema marginatum (rash)
what is endocarditis?
inflammation of the endocardium
endocarditis manifestations
fever, cardiac murmur, petechial (round spots) of the skin, oral mucosa
characteristics: Osler nodes (painful erythematous nodules on the pads of the fingers and toes
other: weight loss, back pain, neck pain, night sweats, HF
