chapter 4 Flashcards
Define cellular accumulation (infiltration)
accumulation of abnormal substances in a normal cell such as water, lipids, and carbohydrates, glycogen, proteins, pigments, calcium, urate. accumulation can lead to cell injury
Define coagulative necrosis. Where would you see this kind of necrosis
cell death that occurs when blood flow to the cell stops or slows. can occur in the kidneys, heart and adrenal glands
define liquefactive necrosis. where would you see this kind of necrosis?
partial or complete dissolution of dead tissue and transformation into a liquid, viscous mass.
-neurons and glial cells of the brain
-hydrolytic enzymes
-can be caused by bacterial infections
define caseous necrosis. give an example of caseous necrosis.
a combination of coagulative and liquefaction necrosis
ex: tuberculous pulmonary infection
define fat necrosis. where would you find this kind of necrosis
death of fat tissues
can be found in the breast, pancreas, and other abdominal organs
define gangrenous necrosis
death of tissue from severe hypoxic injury
dry vs. wet
dry: no circulation
wet: bacteria
define atrophy. what can cause atrophy?
decreased in cellular size
○ Disuse and reduced functional demand
§ Casted limb
○ Insufficient nutrients
○ Decreased blood flow
○ Persistent call injury
§ Chronic inflammation (prolonged viral/bacterial infections
○ Aging
define hypertrophy.
increase in cellular size as well as an increase in the amount of functioning tissue mass
-results from an increase in workload
-can be normal or from pathological conditions
define dysplasia
deranged cellular growth of a specific tissue that results in cells that vary in size, shape, and appearance
○ Is strongly implicated as a precursor of cancer
○ But, dysplasia is an adaptive process, and does now always lead to cancer
○ In many cases, the dysplastic cells revert to their former structure and function
§ Ie. Uterine cervix
□ Pap test usually for diagnostics
define metaplasia
replacement of one type of cell with another
○ Usually occurs in response to chronic irritation and inflammation and allows for substitution of cells that are better able to survive under circumstances in which a more fragile cell type might succumb
Ie. Stratified squamous epithelial cells are substituted for the ciliated columnar epithelial cells in the trachea and large airways of a habitual cigarette smoker
what are some common causes of cellular injury?
single most common cause of cellular injury–> hypoxic injury
free radicals and reactive oxygen species
chemical injury
What is the difference between apoptosis and autophagy?
apoptosis: programmed cellular death
autophagy: self-destructive and survival mechanism
- cytoplasmic contents delivered to lysosomes for degradation
- contributes to the aging process
common themes of cell injury and death
cell injury and death come from a failure to maintain a function. injury can face maladaptive changes but will eventually face death
_______ is an increase in the number of cells, resulting from an increased rate of cellular division
a. atrophy
b. metaplasia
c. hypertrophy
d. hyperplasia
d. hyperplasia
“eating of self” is a self-destructive process and a survival mechanism. the correct term for this process is
a. necroptosis
b. autophagy
c. necrosis
d. apoptosis
b. autophagy
