Exam 3: Adrenal Hormones

Question 1

What does the medulla secrete?

Answer 1

Epinephrine & norepinephrine

Question 2

The medulla is functional related to the _____ nervous system.

Answer 2

Sympathetic

Question 3

The cortex secretes _____. The 3 types are…?

Answer 3

Corticosteroids.

mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, & androgenic hormones

Question 4

What are the 3 cortical layers from inner to outer of the adrenal gland and what does each secrete?

Answer 4

Zona reticularis: Androgens
Zona fasciculata: Cortisol
Zona glomerulosa: Aldosterone

Question 5

Cholesterol is converted to _____ in the mitochondria by the enzyme _____ _____, which is the rate-limiting step.

Answer 5

Pregnenolone.

Cholesterol desmolase

Question 6

What molecules increase the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone?

Answer 6

ACTH & angiotensin II

Question 7

What is the major mineralocorticoid?

Answer 7

Aldosterone

Question 8

Secretion rate of aldosterone is controlled by _____ & _____.

Answer 8

Angiotensin II & K+

Question 9

What is the major glucocorticoid?

Answer 9

Cortisol

Question 10

Secretion of cortisol is controlled by _____.

Answer 10

ACTH

Question 11

T/F: Glucocorticoids decrease blood glucose concentration.

Answer 11

False, increase blood glucose concentration

Question 12

What is the major androgenic hormones?

Answer 12

DHEA & estrogen

Question 13

Without _____, K+ levels in ECF rise and Na+/Cl- levels are lost from the urine. This condition is known as _____.

Answer 13

Aldosterone.

Hyperkalemia

Question 14

With a lack of aldosterone, a person develops _____ cardiac output and progresses to a _____ state.

Answer 14

Diminished.

Shock-like

Question 15

Alkalosis, hypokalemia (reduction in K+ in blood), & little Na+ plasma concentration change are effects of…?

Answer 15

Excess aldosterone

Question 16

T/F: Aldosterone increases renal tubular reabsorption of Ca+ & increases Cl- in the urine.

Answer 16

False, Na+, K+

Question 17

T/F: Aldosterone-receptor complex enters nucleus and induces RNA transcription.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Aldosterone induction results in Na+/K+ ATPase pumps on the _____ side of the cell.

Answer 18

Basal

Question 19

Aldosterone induction results in Epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC) on the _____ side of the cell.

Answer 19

Apical

Question 20

What converts angoitensin I to angiotensin II?

Answer 20

ACE

Question 21

T/F: Regulation of aldosterone secretion is dependent on regulation of cortisol secretion.

Answer 21

False, independent

Question 22

Increased K+ _____ aldosterone secretion.

Answer 22

Increases

Question 23

_____ angiotensin II increases aldosterone secretion.

Answer 23

Increased

Question 24

T/F: ACTH has little effect in controlling rate of secretion, but is necessary for aldosterone secretion.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

A decrease in glucose utilization by cells which may lead to “adrenal diabetes” is caused by?

Answer 25

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Question 26

What disease is due to injury to the adrenal cortex?

Answer 26

Primary Addison’s disease of hypoadrenalism

Question 27

What disease is due to impaired function of the pituitary gland?

Answer 27

Secondary Addison’s disease of hypoadrenalism

Question 28

High susceptibility to stress, muscle weakness, abnormal blood glucose between meals, & reduced protein and fats is caused by?

Answer 28

Glucocorticoid deficiency

Question 29

Hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, acidosis, decreased cardiac output & blood pressure, & death from shock are caused by?

Answer 29

Mineralocorticoid deficiency

Question 30

Increased amounts of MSH due to negative feedback malfunction in the pituitary & uneven distribution of pigmentation in thin skin areas is caused by?

Answer 30

Melanin pigmentation disturbances

Question 31

Excess _____ secretion is a cause of Cushing’s disease

Answer 31

ACTH

Question 32

Moon face, buffalo torso, acne, hypertension, increased blood glucose, & hirsutism are characteristics of what?

Answer 32

Cushing’s disease