exam 2 qs Flashcards by Sydney Thomas

A patient has a synovial fluid removed from their knee joint. The test results included a cell count with differential. The WBC count was 65,000 with 93% neutrophils. What is the most likely cause?
- septic
- inflammatory
- crystal induced
- hemorrhagic

septic

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A patient has CSF chemistries and microbiology samples performed. Chemistries yield a very low glucose value but no growth is reported in micro cultures. What is a possible pathology to explain these results? It is to be noted that the CSF had a clear, colorless appearance.
- diabetic ketoacidosis
- brain tumor
- head trauma
- BBB compromisation

brain tumor

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Which is not a common test to perform on a CSF sample?
- glucose
- uric acid
- protein
- lactate

uric acid
-glucose is measured to determine cellular activity
- uric acid is measured in synovial and pleural fluid
- protein levels can indicate BBB
- lactate is produced from glucose consumptioni

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True or False
Increased CSF glucose levels can indicate acute bacterial meningitis.

False

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Which would typically not be a cause of an exudative pleural effusion?
- pulmonary abscess
- lymphoma
- hepatic cirrhosis
- bacterial pneumonia

hepatic cirrhosis

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True or False
The unique structure of hemoglobin allows it to act as both an acid-base buffer and O2 buffer.

true

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define glycogenolysis

breakdown of glycogen to glycose for use as energy

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define glycogenesis

conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage

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define gluconeogenesis

formation of glucose-6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate sourcesd

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define glycolysis

metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy

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Which parameter on a blood gas analysis is calculated instead of being directly measured.
- pH
- HCO3
- pO2
- pCO2

HCO3

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The best collection tube to use for glucose tolerance testing is:
- gold top/serum
- green top/ lithium heparin
- lavender top/EDTA
- grey top/NaF

grey top / NaF

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What is the incremental fraction of oxygen at sea level?
- 21
- 10
- 79
- 100

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What is the best interpretation of the following results?
pH=7.53 (7.35-7.45)
CO2= 37 (35-45)
HCO3= 33 (22-29)

metabolic acidosis w/ partial compensation
metabolic alkalosis w/ no compensation
respiratory alkalosis w/ partial compensation
metabolic alkalosis w/ full compensation

metabolic alkalosis w/ no compensation

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n external respiration, the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolar membrane is __________, while the partial pressure of oxygen in the venous blood is _________.
- 40 mmHg, 100 mmHg
- 100 mmHg, 40 mmHg
- 45 mmHg, 40 mmHg
- 159 mmHg, 45 mmHg

100 mmHg, 40 mmHg

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A decrease in H+ ions, an increase in pH, and a decrease in pCO2 results in what acid-base disorder?
- metabolic acidosis
- metabolic alkalosis
- respiratory acidosis
- respiratory acidosis

respiratory alkalosis

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What is the best interpretation of the following results?
pH=7.28 (7.35-7.45)
CO2= 55 (35-45)
HCO3= 25 (22-29)

respiratory acidosis w/ no compensation
respiratory acidosis w/ full compensation
metabolic acidosis w/ no compensation
metabolic acidosis w/ full compensation

respiratory acidosis w/ no compensation

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A patient with an HA1C of 12% would be most likely to have an estimated average glucose of:
- 97 mg/dL
- 140
- 212
- 298

298

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A patient with a fasting glucose of 122 mg/dL would be considered to have a:
- normal fasting glucose
- impaired fasting glucose
- preliminary diabetes diagnosis

impaired fasting glucose

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This type of diabetes is noted to have insulin resistance with an insulin secretory defect due to progressive loss of adequate beta cell insulin secretion.
- type 1a
- type 1b
- type 2
- gestational

type 2

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An increase in H+ ions, a decrease in pH, and an increase in pCO2 results in what acid-base disorder?
- metabolic acidosis
- metabolic alkalosis
- respiratory acidosis
- respiratory alkalosis

respiratory acidosis

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As a CSF is collected, it is placed in a series of tubes for analysis. The correct order of testing should be:
- chem, heme, micro
- cytology, heme, micro
- chem, micro, heme
- heme, micro, cytology

chem, micro, heme

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Which is not stimulated by epinephrine?
- insulin
- glucagon
- glycogenolysis
- gluconeogenesis

insulin

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what do alpha pancreatic cells produce

glucagon

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what do beta pancreatic cells produce

insulin

what do delta pancreatic cells produce

somatostatin

Diabetic condition formed when a person's own immune system destroys the islet cells of the pancreas, resulting in impaired production of insulin. - type 1 - type 2 - gestational

type 1

It is recommended that all adults have a lipid profile performed every _____. - 6 months - 2 yrs - 5 yrs - 10 yrs

5 yrs

True or False Women, on average, have higher HDL levels and lower total cholesterol and triglyceride levels than men.

true

HDL has a major role in this type of lipid pathway - absorption pathway - exogenous pathway - endogenous pathway - reverse cholesterol pathway

reverse cholesterol pathway

Which is the type of lipoprotein that contains the apolipoprotein Apo B48? - HDL - chylomicrons - LDL - Lp(a)

chylomicrons

True or False Amphipathic lipid molecules contain both hydrophobic fatty acid chains and hydrophobic head groups.

false

Calculate the LDL from the following test results. Total cholesterol: 223 mg/dL HDL: 65 mg/dL Triglycerides: 290 mg/dL

100

The function of the major lipid components of the very-low density lipoproteins is to transport: - Cholesterol from the peripheral cells - Cholesterol and phospholipids to peripheral cells - Exogenous triglycerides - Endogenous triglycerides

endogenous triglycerides

Turbidity in serum suggests elevation of: - total protein - albumin - cholesterol - chylomicrons

chylomicrons

Match the electrolytes with what happens to it in the renal tubules: Calcium - reabsorbed under influence of PTH - recovered from glomerular filtrate - reabsorbed by passive transport in proximal tubule - reabsorption in henele's loop

reabsorbed under influence of PTH

Match the electrolytes with what happens to it in the renal tubules: bicarbonate - reabsorbed under influence of PTH - recovered from glomerular filtrate - reabsorbed by passive transport in proximal tubule - reabsorption in henele's loop

recovered from glomerular filtrate

Match the electrolytes with what happens to it in the renal tubules: chloride - reabsorbed under influence of PTH - recovered from glomerular filtrate - reabsorbed by passive transport in proximal tubule - reabsorption in henele's loop

Reabsorbed by passive transport in proximal tubule

Match the electrolytes with what happens to it in the renal tubules: Magnesium - reabsorbed under influence of PTH - recovered from glomerular filtrate - reabsorbed by passive transport in proximal tubule - reabsorption in henele's loop

reabsorption in Henle's loops

A rare disease of water and salt imbalance. - type 1 diabetes - diabetes insipidous - type 2 diabetes - gestational diebtes

diabetes insipidous

Of the total serum osmolality; sodium, chloride, and bicarb normally contribute what percent? - 92 - 8 - 45 - 72

Match the ions to their charges: Anions and cations

anions - negative cations - positive

What is the type of lipoprotein that is known to contribute to plaque formation. - LDL - VLDL - HDL - triglycerides

LDL

A patient presents to the ER with flushed skin, severe agitation, low-grade fever, and complaints of being extremely thirsty. Given these symptoms, what pathology would you consider? - hypernatremia - hyponatremia - Hyperkalemia - Hypokalemia

hypernatremia

Which of the following is not associated with an increase in anion gap when it occurs in a single patient? - Renal failure - Ketoacidosis - Glycol poisoning - instrument error

instrument error

Causes of increased levels of protein in CSF include all but: - Decreased dialysis of proteins from the plasma - Lysis of contaminant blood from traumatic tap - Increased permeability of the epithelial membrane - obstruction

Decreased dialysis of proteins from the plasma

In order to maintain electrical neutrality in the red blood cell, bicarbonate leaves the red blood cell and enters the plasma through an exchange mechanism with what electrolyte? - sodium - potassium - chloride - phosphate

chloride

Of total serum calcium, free ionized calcium normally represents approximately what percent? - 10 - 45 - 60 - 90

The presence of only slightly visible hemolysis will significantly increase the serum level of which of the following analytes? - bicarb - chloride - potassium - sodium

potassium

What is the major intracellular cation? - chloride - potassium - sodium - bicarb

potassium

What is the major extracellular cation? - potassium - chloride - sodium - bicarb

sodium

Calculate the anion gap using the following lab data. Na: 135 K: 4.0 Cl: 94 HCO3: 28

True or False Unsaturated triglycerides are typically solid at room temperature.

false

The cation is the fourth most abundant cation in the body and second most abundant intracellularly. Hint: Consumption of processed foods can lead to inadequate intake and subsequent deficiency. - calcium - magnesium - potassium - sodium

magnesium - potassium is the most abundant cation intracellularly - magnesium second, used as an enzyme cofactor - sodium is the most abundant extracellular - calcium is necessary for myocardial contractions, present in low concentrations

Given the following results, calculate the plasma osmolality: Sodium: 135 Glucose: 96 BUN: 22

282 (2*Na)+(glucose/20)+(BUN/3)

Water makes up what percentage of body weight?

40-75%

Which phrase does not describe phospholipids. - Hydrophobic head group - Synthesized in all organs - Amphipathic - Unsaturated steroid alcohol

unsaturated steroid alcohol

Electrolyte essential for myocardial contraction and important to maintain normal levels for critically ill patients. - chloride - calcium - sodium - zinc

calcium

Calculate the osmol gap given the following information: Sodium: 140 Glucose: 62 BUN: 35 Measured osmo: 300

what is the osmol determination calculation

(2*Na)+(glucose/20)+(BUN/3)

how do you calculate anion gap

[Na + K] - [Cl + HCO3]

how do you calculate LDL

LDL = total cholesterol - HDL - (trig/5)

equation for creatinine clearence

(urine creatinine/plasma creatinine) * (urine vol mL/ minutes) * (1.73/BSA)

What type of triglycerides are typically solid at room temperature

saturated

Glycated hemoglobin reflects the average glucose for what time period?

4-8 wks - gives time for glycated RBC lvls to average out