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clinical chem 1 > exam 2 qs > Flashcards

exam 2 qs Flashcards

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1
Q

A patient has a synovial fluid removed from their knee joint. The test results included a cell count with differential. The WBC count was 65,000 with 93% neutrophils. What is the most likely cause?
- septic
- inflammatory
- crystal induced
- hemorrhagic

A

septic

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2
Q

A patient has CSF chemistries and microbiology samples performed. Chemistries yield a very low glucose value but no growth is reported in micro cultures. What is a possible pathology to explain these results? It is to be noted that the CSF had a clear, colorless appearance.
- diabetic ketoacidosis
- brain tumor
- head trauma
- BBB compromisation

A

brain tumor

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3
Q

Which is not a common test to perform on a CSF sample?
- glucose
- uric acid
- protein
- lactate

A

uric acid
-glucose is measured to determine cellular activity
- uric acid is measured in synovial and pleural fluid
- protein levels can indicate BBB
- lactate is produced from glucose consumptioni

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4
Q

True or False
Increased CSF glucose levels can indicate acute bacterial meningitis.

A

False

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5
Q

Which would typically not be a cause of an exudative pleural effusion?
- pulmonary abscess
- lymphoma
- hepatic cirrhosis
- bacterial pneumonia

A

hepatic cirrhosis

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6
Q

True or False
The unique structure of hemoglobin allows it to act as both an acid-base buffer and O2 buffer.

A

true

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7
Q

define glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen to glycose for use as energy

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8
Q

define glycogenesis

A

conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage

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9
Q

define gluconeogenesis

A

formation of glucose-6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate sourcesd

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10
Q

define glycolysis

A

metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy

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11
Q

Which parameter on a blood gas analysis is calculated instead of being directly measured.
- pH
- HCO3
- pO2
- pCO2

A

HCO3

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12
Q

The best collection tube to use for glucose tolerance testing is:
- gold top/serum
- green top/ lithium heparin
- lavender top/EDTA
- grey top/NaF

A

grey top / NaF

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13
Q

What is the incremental fraction of oxygen at sea level?
- 21
- 10
- 79
- 100

A

21

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14
Q

What is the best interpretation of the following results?
pH=7.53 (7.35-7.45)
CO2= 37 (35-45)
HCO3= 33 (22-29)

  • metabolic acidosis w/ partial compensation
  • metabolic alkalosis w/ no compensation
  • respiratory alkalosis w/ partial compensation
  • metabolic alkalosis w/ full compensation
A

metabolic alkalosis w/ no compensation

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15
Q

n external respiration, the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolar membrane is __________, while the partial pressure of oxygen in the venous blood is _________.
- 40 mmHg, 100 mmHg
- 100 mmHg, 40 mmHg
- 45 mmHg, 40 mmHg
- 159 mmHg, 45 mmHg

A

100 mmHg, 40 mmHg

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16
Q

A decrease in H+ ions, an increase in pH, and a decrease in pCO2 results in what acid-base disorder?
- metabolic acidosis
- metabolic alkalosis
- respiratory acidosis
- respiratory acidosis

A

respiratory alkalosis

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17
Q

What is the best interpretation of the following results?
pH=7.28 (7.35-7.45)
CO2= 55 (35-45)
HCO3= 25 (22-29)

  • respiratory acidosis w/ no compensation
  • respiratory acidosis w/ full compensation
  • metabolic acidosis w/ no compensation
  • metabolic acidosis w/ full compensation
A

respiratory acidosis w/ no compensation

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18
Q

A patient with an HA1C of 12% would be most likely to have an estimated average glucose of:
- 97 mg/dL
- 140
- 212
- 298

A

298

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19
Q

A patient with a fasting glucose of 122 mg/dL would be considered to have a:
- normal fasting glucose
- impaired fasting glucose
- preliminary diabetes diagnosis

A

impaired fasting glucose

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20
Q

This type of diabetes is noted to have insulin resistance with an insulin secretory defect due to progressive loss of adequate beta cell insulin secretion.
- type 1a
- type 1b
- type 2
- gestational

A

type 2

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21
Q

An increase in H+ ions, a decrease in pH, and an increase in pCO2 results in what acid-base disorder?
- metabolic acidosis
- metabolic alkalosis
- respiratory acidosis
- respiratory alkalosis

A

respiratory acidosis

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22
Q

As a CSF is collected, it is placed in a series of tubes for analysis. The correct order of testing should be:
- chem, heme, micro
- cytology, heme, micro
- chem, micro, heme
- heme, micro, cytology

A

chem, micro, heme

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23
Q

Which is not stimulated by epinephrine?
- insulin
- glucagon
- glycogenolysis
- gluconeogenesis

A

insulin

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24
Q

what do alpha pancreatic cells produce

A

glucagon

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25
Q

what do beta pancreatic cells produce

A

insulin

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26
Q

what do delta pancreatic cells produce

A

somatostatin

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27
Q

Diabetic condition formed when a person’s own immune system destroys the islet cells of the pancreas, resulting in impaired production of insulin.
- type 1
- type 2
- gestational

A

type 1

28
Q

It is recommended that all adults have a lipid profile performed every _____.
- 6 months
- 2 yrs
- 5 yrs
- 10 yrs

A

5 yrs

29
Q

True or False
Women, on average, have higher HDL levels and lower total cholesterol and triglyceride levels than men.

A

true

30
Q

HDL has a major role in this type of lipid pathway
- absorption pathway
- exogenous pathway
- endogenous pathway
- reverse cholesterol pathway

A

reverse cholesterol pathway

31
Q

Which is the type of lipoprotein that contains the apolipoprotein Apo B48?
- HDL
- chylomicrons
- LDL
- Lp(a)

A

chylomicrons

32
Q

True or False
Amphipathic lipid molecules contain both hydrophobic fatty acid chains and hydrophobic head groups.

A

false

33
Q

Calculate the LDL from the following test results.
Total cholesterol: 223 mg/dL
HDL: 65 mg/dL
Triglycerides: 290 mg/dL

A

100

34
Q

The function of the major lipid components of the very-low density lipoproteins is to transport:
- Cholesterol from the peripheral cells
- Cholesterol and phospholipids to peripheral cells
- Exogenous triglycerides
- Endogenous triglycerides

A

endogenous triglycerides

35
Q

Turbidity in serum suggests elevation of:
- total protein
- albumin
- cholesterol
- chylomicrons

A

chylomicrons

36
Q

Match the electrolytes with what happens to it in the renal tubules: Calcium
- reabsorbed under influence of PTH
- recovered from glomerular filtrate
- reabsorbed by passive transport in proximal tubule
- reabsorption in henele’s loop

A

reabsorbed under influence of PTH

37
Q

Match the electrolytes with what happens to it in the renal tubules: bicarbonate
- reabsorbed under influence of PTH
- recovered from glomerular filtrate
- reabsorbed by passive transport in proximal tubule
- reabsorption in henele’s loop

A

recovered from glomerular filtrate

38
Q

Match the electrolytes with what happens to it in the renal tubules: chloride
- reabsorbed under influence of PTH
- recovered from glomerular filtrate
- reabsorbed by passive transport in proximal tubule
- reabsorption in henele’s loop

A

Reabsorbed by passive transport in proximal tubule

39
Q

Match the electrolytes with what happens to it in the renal tubules: Magnesium
- reabsorbed under influence of PTH
- recovered from glomerular filtrate
- reabsorbed by passive transport in proximal tubule
- reabsorption in henele’s loop

A

reabsorption in Henle’s loops

40
Q

A rare disease of water and salt imbalance.
- type 1 diabetes
- diabetes insipidous
- type 2 diabetes
- gestational diebtes

A

diabetes insipidous

41
Q

Of the total serum osmolality; sodium, chloride, and bicarb normally contribute what percent?
- 92
- 8
- 45
- 72

A

92

42
Q

Match the ions to their charges: Anions and cations

A

anions - negative
cations - positive

43
Q

What is the type of lipoprotein that is known to contribute to plaque formation.
- LDL
- VLDL
- HDL
- triglycerides

A

LDL

44
Q

A patient presents to the ER with flushed skin, severe agitation, low-grade fever, and complaints of being extremely thirsty. Given these symptoms, what pathology would you consider?
- hypernatremia
- hyponatremia
- Hyperkalemia
- Hypokalemia

A

hypernatremia

45
Q

Which of the following is not associated with an increase in anion gap when it occurs in a single patient?
- Renal failure
- Ketoacidosis
- Glycol poisoning
- instrument error

A

instrument error

46
Q

Causes of increased levels of protein in CSF include all but:
- Decreased dialysis of proteins from the plasma
- Lysis of contaminant blood from traumatic tap
- Increased permeability of the epithelial membrane
- obstruction

A

Decreased dialysis of proteins from the plasma

47
Q

In order to maintain electrical neutrality in the red blood cell, bicarbonate leaves the red blood cell and enters the plasma through an exchange mechanism with what electrolyte?
- sodium
- potassium
- chloride
- phosphate

A

chloride

48
Q

Of total serum calcium, free ionized calcium normally represents approximately what percent?
- 10
- 45
- 60
- 90

A

45

49
Q

The presence of only slightly visible hemolysis will significantly increase the serum level of which of the following analytes?
- bicarb
- chloride
- potassium
- sodium

A

potassium

50
Q

What is the major intracellular cation?
- chloride
- potassium
- sodium
- bicarb

A

potassium

51
Q

What is the major extracellular cation?
- potassium
- chloride
- sodium
- bicarb

A

sodium

52
Q

Calculate the anion gap using the following lab data.
Na: 135
K: 4.0
Cl: 94
HCO3: 28

A

17

53
Q

True or False
Unsaturated triglycerides are typically solid at room temperature.

A

false

54
Q

The cation is the fourth most abundant cation in the body and second most abundant intracellularly. Hint: Consumption of processed foods can lead to inadequate intake and subsequent deficiency.
- calcium
- magnesium
- potassium
- sodium

A

magnesium
- potassium is the most abundant cation intracellularly
- magnesium second, used as an enzyme cofactor
- sodium is the most abundant extracellular
- calcium is necessary for myocardial contractions, present in low concentrations

55
Q

Given the following results, calculate the plasma osmolality:
Sodium: 135
Glucose: 96
BUN: 22

A

282
(2*Na)+(glucose/20)+(BUN/3)

56
Q

Water makes up what percentage of body weight?

A

40-75%

57
Q

Which phrase does not describe phospholipids.
- Hydrophobic head group
- Synthesized in all organs
- Amphipathic
- Unsaturated steroid alcohol

A

unsaturated steroid alcohol

58
Q

Electrolyte essential for myocardial contraction and important to maintain normal levels for critically ill patients.
- chloride
- calcium
- sodium
- zinc

A

calcium

59
Q

Calculate the osmol gap given the following information:
Sodium: 140
Glucose: 62
BUN: 35
Measured osmo: 300

A

5

60
Q

what is the osmol determination calculation

A

(2*Na)+(glucose/20)+(BUN/3)

61
Q

how do you calculate anion gap

A

[Na + K] - [Cl + HCO3]

62
Q

how do you calculate LDL

A

LDL = total cholesterol - HDL - (trig/5)

63
Q

equation for creatinine clearence

A

(urine creatinine/plasma creatinine) * (urine vol mL/ minutes) * (1.73/BSA)

64
Q

What type of triglycerides are typically solid at room temperature

A

saturated

65
Q

Glycated hemoglobin reflects the average glucose for what time period?

A

4-8 wks
- gives time for glycated RBC lvls to average out

clinical chem 1 (23 decks)

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