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clinical chem 1 > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 categories for carbohydrate classification

A
  • size of carbon chain
  • location of CO functional group
  • number of sugar units
  • stereochemistry
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2
Q

What are the two forms of carbs

A

Aldose and ketose

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3
Q

What display of carbohydrates is the most accurate
- Hawthorne
- open Fischer
- cyclic Fischer

A

Hawthorn

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4
Q

what is the purpose of microvilli

A

increase surface area on intestines to increase absorption

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5
Q

what must polysaccharides be converted to to enter the blood

A

monosaccharides

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6
Q

glycogenesis

A

creation of glycogen in liver and muscle

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7
Q

glycogenolysis

A

break down of glycogen to release glucose

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8
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

creation of new glucose from non carb sources such as fatty acids

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9
Q

glycolysis

A

formation of atp, CO2 and water from glucose

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10
Q

lipogenesis

A

conversion of carbs to fatty acids

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11
Q

lipolysis

A

decomposition of fat

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12
Q

glycogen

A

storage form for glucose

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13
Q

what is the renal threshold

A

where blood sugar is so high, glucose spills past kidney filtration and into urine (>180 mg/dL)

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14
Q

A diabetic patient comes into the doctor’s office with a fasting blood sugar of 192 mg/dL and a HbA1c value of 14%. Based on these results, what statement best describes the patient.
- diabetes mellitus is managed
- diabetes mellitus is not managed
- values not indicative of diabetes mellitus

A

diabetes mellitus not managed

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15
Q

Of the following glucose levels, which would you expect to result in glucose in the urine?
- 32 mg/dL
- 162 mg/dL
- 172 mg/dL
- 192 mg/dL

A

192 mg/dL
>180 mg/dL is over the renal threshold

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16
Q

Diabetic condition formed when a person’s own immune system destroys the islet cells of the pancreas, resulting in impaired production of insulin.
- type 1 diabetes
- type 2 diabetes
- gestational diabetes

A

type 1

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17
Q

describe glucose processing during a ‘fed state’

A

insulin from pancreatic beta cells released to lower blood glucose levels

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18
Q

what glucose pathways are activated from insulin release during ‘fed state’

A
  • lipogenesis (fat creation)
  • protein synthesis
  • glycogenesis
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19
Q

what glucose pathways are activated in low insulin level environments

A

lipolysis (breakdown of fat)
ketone formation
gluconeogenesis
glycogenolysis

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20
Q

during ‘fasting state’ where does the body get glucose

A

glucagon triggers glycogen conversion to glucose in the liver -> released into the blood

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21
Q

what is the purpose of somatostatin and what cell releases it

A

released by delta cells in the pancreas to regulate alpha and beta cell activity

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22
Q

what cell in the pancrease releases glucagon

A

alpha pancreatic cells
-> converts glycogen to glucose for low glucose lvl response

23
Q

what cell in the pancreas releases insulin

A

beta cells to convert glucose uptake in adipose tissue or muscle or glycogen creation
(lipogenesis, glycolysis or gluconeogenesis)

24
Q

how does epinephrine impact insulin and glucagon

A

inhibits insulin and stimulates glucagon/glycogenolysis to increase blood glucose

25
define hyperglycemia
high blood glucose
26
describe endocrine disorders linked to high blood glucose lvls
- acromegaly (inc growth hormone) - cushing syndrome (inc cortisol) - thyrotoxicosis (increase pancreatic activity) - pheochromocytome (inc epinephrine) - diabetes mellitus
27
list diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus with symptoms
- Hgb A1c >6.5% - fasting plasma >126 mg/dL - 2hr plasma glucose >200 mg/dL - random blood glucose >200mg/dL with symptoms
28
describe type 1 diabetes
beta cell destruction by autoimmune process leading to absolute insulin deficiency
29
describe type 2 diabetes
insulin resistance in peripheral tissue and an insulin secretory defect of beta cells
30
name other types/causes of diabetes
- pancreatic, hormonal disease - drug/chemical toxicity - insulin receptor abnormalities - no renal or retinal complications
31
define normal fasting glucose
70-99 mg/dL or 3.9-5.5 mmol/L
32
define impaired fasting glucose
100-125 mg/dL or 5.6-6.9mmol/L
33
define provisional diabetes diagnosis (fasting plasma glucose levels)
>126 mg/dL or >7 mmol/L
34
describe gestational diabetes mellitus
- diabetes due to pregnancy - 50g glucose screen >140 mg/dL
35
what are the two approaches to diagnosing gestational diabetes
- one step: 3 measurements over 2 hrs - two step: 4 measurements over 3 hrs
36
define normal and impaired glucose tolerance in oral glucose test
- normal 2 hr plasma glucose <140 mg/dL - impaired 2 hr plasma glucose 140-199 mg/dL
37
define levels of hypoglycemia classification
- lvl 1: glucose <70mg/dL - lvl 2: glucose <54 mg/dL - lvl 3: no specific glucose threshold, pt not responding
38
true or false: not separating serum/plasma from cells soon after collection will cause a false decrease of glucose
true cells will continue to metabolize glucose and lower levels
39
how can a whole blood specimen be preserved for glucose testing
NaF for 24 hrs
40
RR for plasma/serum glucose
70-105 mg/dL
41
what method is commonly used to measure glucose
hexokinase - endpoint rxn
42
how does hgb A1c indicate management of diabetes mellitus
- hgb is glycated for full life cycle - hgb A1c = 80% of total glycohgb - measurements of A1c can indicate past glucose intake levels - RR 3-6% hgb
43
define inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism
- lactose intolerance: deficiency in intestinal mucosal lactase - ketones: complication of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (acid base imbalance)
44
examples of disaccharides
- lactose - sucrose - maltose
45
hyperglycemia causes (etiology)
- diabetes mellitus - endocrine disorders (acromegaly, cushings, pheochromocytoma, thyrotoxicosis) - drugs (anesthetics and steroids)
46
what happens if hyperglycemia goes untreated
diabetes complications - nerve damage - eye disease - kidney damage
47
hypoglycemia etiology
- insulin over dose - drugs - alcoholism - insulinoma - galactosemia - glycogen storage diseases
48
long term effects of untreated hypoglycemia
brain starved of glucose - seizures - coma - death
49
most common non-reducing substance
sucrose
50
C-peptide
by-product of insulin production
51
define reducing substances
carbs that can reduce other compounds while being oxidized
52
what is the Hgb A1c percent relating to 126 mg/dL glucose
6%
53
what is the Hgb A1c percent relating to 154 mg/dL glucose
7%
54
what is the Hgb A1c percent relating to 212 mg/dL glucose
9%

clinical chem 1 (23 decks)

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