exam 1 qs Flashcards by Sydney Thomas

Match the type of CK isoenzyme with its specificity.
CK isoenzymes : MB, MM, BB
specificity: brain, cardiac, muscle

CK-MB: cardiac
CK-MM: muscle
CK-BB: brain

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true or false
Amylase is more specific to pancreatitis than lipase

false
- lipase is exclusive to pancreas
- amylase is good indicator of injury, but not pancreatitis diagnosis

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This test has greater specificity to liver damage.
- AST
- ALP
- acid phosphatase
- ALT

ALT

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true or false
In many reactions, we are looking at the reaction of the cofactor NADH to NAD to determine the value of the enzyme.

true

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This enzyme has a short half-life and is found in the heart, liver, skeletal muscle, and kidney.
- ALT
- AST
- GGT
- CK

AST

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True or False
The hook effect refers to high concentrations of analyte producing a lower signal than expected.

true

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In this state, not all enzyme sites are saturated with substrate and substrate concentration is the rate-limiting step.
- first order kinetics
- zero order kinetics
- post zone phenomenon
- last order kinetics

first order

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What is a zymogen?

inactive, secreted form of the enzyme

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True or False
The following statement could be used to describe zero-order kinetics:
Substrate is present in excess, rate of reaction is constant with time and dependent only on the concentration of enzyme in the system.

true

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When measuring enzyme activity, if the instrument is operating at 5 C lower than the temperature prescribed for the method, how would the results be affected?
- lower than expected
- higher than expected
- varied
- all would be abnormal

lower than expected

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What does an increase in serum enzyme levels indicate?
- Decreased enzyme catabolism
- Accelerated enzyme production
- Tissue damage and necrosis
- Increased glomerular filtration rate

tissue damage and necrosis
-enzymes being released from cells as they break and inc lvls

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Pathological condition in which the proximal tubules in the kidneys do not reabsorb glucose, amino acids, uric acids, and bicarbonates resulting in their loss to the urine concentrate.
- lesch nyhan syndrome
- gout
- CHF
- fanconi syndrome

fanconi

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This test can be used to monitor alcoholics with liver toxicity
- AST
- ALT
- GGT
- ALP

ggt

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Which of the following serves as the glomerular filtration rate for clinicians?
- urea
- creatinine
- uric acid
- ammonia

creatinine

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Plasma creatinine levels are determined by all of the following except:
-Relative muscle mass
- Rate of creatine turnover
- Renal function
- Dietary intake of protein

Dietary intake of protein

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A 56 year old male with gout is given allopurinol then returns to the ER a week later with a uric acid level of 8.6 mg/dL (2.4-7.0 mg/dL). What statement best describes the reason for the uric acid level?
- The patient overdosed on allopurinol
- Allopurinol returned uric acid levels to normal
- The patient did not take prescribed medication

The patient did not take prescribed medication

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What is an energy source utilized by muscles?
- creatinine
- creatine phosphate
- myoglobin
- nitrogen

creatine phosphate

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This non-protein nitrogen compound is found in the highest concentration in the blood.
- ammonia
- uric acid
- creatinine
- urea nitrogen

urea nitrogen

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Which is not a clinical application of measurement of urea.
- Assess hydration status
- Evaluate liver function
- Verify adequacy of dialysis
- determine nitrogen balance

Evaluate liver function
- urea nitrogen (BUN) evaluates RENAL (kidney) function, not liver

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Match the BUN:Creatinine ratio with the correct location of azotemia.
ratio: 23, 11, 8
azotemia: pre, intra, post

23: prerenal
11: post renal
8: intrarenal

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Which is not a likely cause of decreased BUN.
- High protein dietary intake
- Liver disease
- Severe vomiting
- Increased protein synthesis

High protein dietary intake

The most frequently used analytic method for creatinine testing is the:
- enzymatic method
- kinetic jaffe reaction
- jaffe reaction
- hexokinase

jaffe reaction
-hexokinase: glucose measurment

Which test has the most strict collection requirements that include transporting the specimen on ice and testing immediately.
- ammonia
- BUN
- uric acid
- creatinine clearance

ammonia

This disease is commonly seen in children who have been given aspirin during a viral infection.
- fanconi
- lesch nyhan
- reyes
- gout

reyes

Given the following information, calculate the creatinine clearance: Urine creatinine: 120 mg/dL Plasma creatinine: 1.5 mg/dL Urine volume for 12hours: 600 mL Patient BSA: 2.13

53.8 (urine creat/plasma creat) * (urine vol/time [min]) * (1.73/BSA)

Calculate the A/G ratio with a total protein of 7.7 g/dL and an albumin of 4.7 g/dL.

1.6 Total protein/albumin

describe kwashiokor in terms of protein and calories

severe protein deficiency

describe marasmus in terms of protein and calories

severe protein and calorie deficiency

Which is a negative acute phase reactant? - alpha -1 antitrypsin - transferrin - alpha -2- macroglobulin - haptoglobin

transferrin -alpha 1: protects elastin in lungs by inhibiting PMN esterase - alpha 2: serine protease inhibitor - haptoglobin: transports free hgb

This protein is known for being a nephrotoxin. - myoglobin - transferrin - haptoglobin - CRP

myoglobin

This test may be used to assess nutritional status. - CRP - alpha -1- antitrypsin - haptoglobin - prealbumin

preablumin

Proteins with 10-40% carbohydrates attached are - glycoproteins - lipoproteins - mucoproteins - enzymes

glycoproteins

Proteins consist of the elements: - carbon - oxygen - nitrogen - all of these

all of these

In the stomach ______ breaks down proteins into peptides. - papain - pepsin - sodium chloride - pepsid

pepsin

When a protein is disturbed and loses its functional and chemical characteristics, it is called: - multimer - depeptidation - denaturation - amphoteric

denaturation

The most common secondary structure of a protein is: - gamma helix - alpha helix - beta pleated sheet - alpha pleated sheet

alpha helix

Essential amino acids: - must be obtained through diet - are synthesized in the body

must be obtained in diet - it is essential to eat your aminos

In cerebral spinal fluid, ______% of protein comes from plasma, while ______% comes from the brain. - 80%, 20% - 90%, 10% - 5%, 95% - 95%, 5%

95%, 5%

Which protein has a function to maintain oncotic pressure? - albumin - prealbumin - alpha -1- antitrypsin - alpha -2- macroglobulin

albumin

True or False when proteins have a more positive charge they are more easily dissolved

true

Which is not true of amino acid analysis? - collect samples in heparin tube - blood samples should be drawn after a 2-3 hr fast - analysis should be performed immediately or sample frozen - plasma should be removed carefully to avoid platelet and WBC

blood samples should be drawn after a 2-3 hr fast

This type of analytical method measures the amount of light that can pass through a sample at a 180O angle from the incident light. - Fluorometry - Chemiluminescence - Turbidimetry - Nephelometry

turbidimetry

true or false Stray light refers to any wavelengths outside the band transmitted by the monochromator.

true

true or false Dynodes are a series of anodes with successively higher voltages.

true

true or false An advantage of a photocell over a phototube is that a photocell has an external power source and is more sensitive with lower amounts of light.

false - phototube has an external power supply - photocell is better at lower concentrations

Calculate % transmittance through a tube containing 5 layers of solution with an absorbance of 20%. - 33 - 4 - 51 - 0.3

33 - if 20% is abs then 80% transmitted - 80*0.8 = 64 *0.8 = 51.2 *0.8 = 41 *0.8 = 33 - the first pass leaves 80% to pass through the rest of the layers so multiply n-1 times

Beer's Law is (simplified) - the concentration of substance is directly proportional to light transmitted / inversely proportional to log of abs light - concentration of a substance is directly proportional to amt light abs / inversely proportional to log of transmitted light

The concentration of a substance is directly proportional to the amount of light absorbed / inversely proportional to the logarithm of the transmitted light

This type of lamp is used in visible and infrared regions and is the most common type: - tungsten - hydrogen - mercury vapor - deuterium

tungston

Which is the order that you would expect to see in LD isoenzymes in a patient who has had a heart attack. - LD1>LD2>LD3>LD4>LD5 - LD2>LD1>LD3>LD4>LD5 - LD5>LD4>LD3>LD2>LD1 - LD1>LD3>LD2>LD4>LD5

LD1>LD2>LD3>LD4>LD5

This is a disease which can occur as a result of severe protein and calorie deficiency

marasmus