exam 1 qs Flashcards
Match the type of CK isoenzyme with its specificity.
CK isoenzymes : MB, MM, BB
specificity: brain, cardiac, muscle
CK-MB: cardiac
CK-MM: muscle
CK-BB: brain
true or false
Amylase is more specific to pancreatitis than lipase
false
- lipase is exclusive to pancreas
- amylase is good indicator of injury, but not pancreatitis diagnosis
This test has greater specificity to liver damage.
- AST
- ALP
- acid phosphatase
- ALT
ALT
true or false
In many reactions, we are looking at the reaction of the cofactor NADH to NAD to determine the value of the enzyme.
true
This enzyme has a short half-life and is found in the heart, liver, skeletal muscle, and kidney.
- ALT
- AST
- GGT
- CK
AST
True or False
The hook effect refers to high concentrations of analyte producing a lower signal than expected.
true
In this state, not all enzyme sites are saturated with substrate and substrate concentration is the rate-limiting step.
- first order kinetics
- zero order kinetics
- post zone phenomenon
- last order kinetics
first order
What is a zymogen?
inactive, secreted form of the enzyme
True or False
The following statement could be used to describe zero-order kinetics:
Substrate is present in excess, rate of reaction is constant with time and dependent only on the concentration of enzyme in the system.
true
When measuring enzyme activity, if the instrument is operating at 5 C lower than the temperature prescribed for the method, how would the results be affected?
- lower than expected
- higher than expected
- varied
- all would be abnormal
lower than expected
What does an increase in serum enzyme levels indicate?
- Decreased enzyme catabolism
- Accelerated enzyme production
- Tissue damage and necrosis
- Increased glomerular filtration rate
tissue damage and necrosis
-enzymes being released from cells as they break and inc lvls
Pathological condition in which the proximal tubules in the kidneys do not reabsorb glucose, amino acids, uric acids, and bicarbonates resulting in their loss to the urine concentrate.
- lesch nyhan syndrome
- gout
- CHF
- fanconi syndrome
fanconi
This test can be used to monitor alcoholics with liver toxicity
- AST
- ALT
- GGT
- ALP
ggt
Which of the following serves as the glomerular filtration rate for clinicians?
- urea
- creatinine
- uric acid
- ammonia
creatinine
Plasma creatinine levels are determined by all of the following except:
-Relative muscle mass
- Rate of creatine turnover
- Renal function
- Dietary intake of protein
Dietary intake of protein
A 56 year old male with gout is given allopurinol then returns to the ER a week later with a uric acid level of 8.6 mg/dL (2.4-7.0 mg/dL). What statement best describes the reason for the uric acid level?
- The patient overdosed on allopurinol
- Allopurinol returned uric acid levels to normal
- The patient did not take prescribed medication
The patient did not take prescribed medication
What is an energy source utilized by muscles?
- creatinine
- creatine phosphate
- myoglobin
- nitrogen
creatine phosphate
This non-protein nitrogen compound is found in the highest concentration in the blood.
- ammonia
- uric acid
- creatinine
- urea nitrogen
urea nitrogen
Which is not a clinical application of measurement of urea.
- Assess hydration status
- Evaluate liver function
- Verify adequacy of dialysis
- determine nitrogen balance
Evaluate liver function
- urea nitrogen (BUN) evaluates RENAL (kidney) function, not liver
Match the BUN:Creatinine ratio with the correct location of azotemia.
ratio: 23, 11, 8
azotemia: pre, intra, post
23: prerenal
11: post renal
8: intrarenal
Which is not a likely cause of decreased BUN.
- High protein dietary intake
- Liver disease
- Severe vomiting
- Increased protein synthesis
High protein dietary intake
The most frequently used analytic method for creatinine testing is the:
- enzymatic method
- kinetic jaffe reaction
- jaffe reaction
- hexokinase
jaffe reaction
-hexokinase: glucose measurment
Which test has the most strict collection requirements that include transporting the specimen on ice and testing immediately.
- ammonia
- BUN
- uric acid
- creatinine clearance
ammonia
This disease is commonly seen in children who have been given aspirin during a viral infection.
- fanconi
- lesch nyhan
- reyes
- gout
reyes
Given the following information, calculate the creatinine clearance:
Urine creatinine: 120 mg/dL
Plasma creatinine: 1.5 mg/dL
Urine volume for 12hours: 600 mL
Patient BSA: 2.13
53.8
(urine creat/plasma creat) * (urine vol/time [min]) * (1.73/BSA)
Calculate the A/G ratio with a total protein of 7.7 g/dL and an albumin of 4.7 g/dL.
1.6
Total protein/albumin
describe kwashiokor in terms of protein and calories
severe protein deficiency
describe marasmus in terms of protein and calories
severe protein and calorie deficiency
Which is a negative acute phase reactant?
- alpha -1 antitrypsin
- transferrin
- alpha -2- macroglobulin
- haptoglobin
transferrin
-alpha 1: protects elastin in lungs by inhibiting PMN esterase
- alpha 2: serine protease inhibitor
- haptoglobin: transports free hgb
This protein is known for being a nephrotoxin.
- myoglobin
- transferrin
- haptoglobin
- CRP
myoglobin
This test may be used to assess nutritional status.
- CRP
- alpha -1- antitrypsin
- haptoglobin
- prealbumin
preablumin
Proteins with 10-40% carbohydrates attached are
- glycoproteins
- lipoproteins
- mucoproteins
- enzymes
glycoproteins
Proteins consist of the elements:
- carbon
- oxygen
- nitrogen
- all of these
all of these
In the stomach ______ breaks down proteins into peptides.
- papain
- pepsin
- sodium chloride
- pepsid
pepsin
When a protein is disturbed and loses its functional and chemical characteristics, it is called:
- multimer
- depeptidation
- denaturation
- amphoteric
denaturation
The most common secondary structure of a protein is:
- gamma helix
- alpha helix
- beta pleated sheet
- alpha pleated sheet
alpha helix
Essential amino acids:
- must be obtained through diet
- are synthesized in the body
must be obtained in diet
- it is essential to eat your aminos
In cerebral spinal fluid, ______% of protein comes from plasma, while ______% comes from the brain.
- 80%, 20%
- 90%, 10%
- 5%, 95%
- 95%, 5%
95%, 5%
Which protein has a function to maintain oncotic pressure?
- albumin
- prealbumin
- alpha -1- antitrypsin
- alpha -2- macroglobulin
albumin
True or False
when proteins have a more positive charge they are more easily dissolved
true
Which is not true of amino acid analysis?
- collect samples in heparin tube
- blood samples should be drawn after a 2-3 hr fast
- analysis should be performed immediately or sample frozen
- plasma should be removed carefully to avoid platelet and WBC
blood samples should be drawn after a 2-3 hr fast
This type of analytical method measures the amount of light that can pass through a sample at a 180O angle from the incident light.
- Fluorometry
- Chemiluminescence
- Turbidimetry
- Nephelometry
turbidimetry
true or false
Stray light refers to any wavelengths outside the band transmitted by the monochromator.
true
true or false
Dynodes are a series of anodes with successively higher voltages.
true
true or false
An advantage of a photocell over a phototube is that a photocell has an external power source and is more sensitive with lower amounts of light.
false
- phototube has an external power supply
- photocell is better at lower concentrations
Calculate % transmittance through a tube containing 5 layers of solution with an absorbance of 20%.
- 33
- 4
- 51
- 0.3
33
- if 20% is abs then 80% transmitted
- 80*0.8 = 64 *0.8 = 51.2 *0.8 = 41 *0.8 = 33
- the first pass leaves 80% to pass through the rest of the layers so multiply n-1 times
Beer’s Law is (simplified)
- the concentration of substance is directly proportional to light transmitted / inversely proportional to log of abs light
- concentration of a substance is directly proportional to amt light abs / inversely proportional to log of transmitted light
The concentration of a substance is directly proportional to the amount of light absorbed / inversely proportional to the logarithm of the transmitted light
This type of lamp is used in visible and infrared regions and is the most common type:
- tungsten
- hydrogen
- mercury vapor
- deuterium
tungston
Which is the order that you would expect to see in LD isoenzymes in a patient who has had a heart attack.
- LD1>LD2>LD3>LD4>LD5
- LD2>LD1>LD3>LD4>LD5
- LD5>LD4>LD3>LD2>LD1
- LD1>LD3>LD2>LD4>LD5
LD1>LD2>LD3>LD4>LD5
This is a disease which can occur as a result of severe protein and calorie deficiency
marasmus
