Exam 2 (Pt. 8) Flashcards
Stereotaxic Surgery in Humans
Deep Brain Stimulation
Effect of Antisense on Protein Synthesis
Antisense RNA may be introduced into a cell to inhibit translation of a complementary mRNA by base pairing to it and physically obstructing the translation machinery.
Manipulating the Brain: Ablations/Lesions
- Cortical Aspiration
- Electrolytic Lesions
- Radiofrequency Lesions
- Excitotoxic Lesions
- Antisense
Microdialysis
A minimally-invasive sampling technique that is used for continuous measurement of free, unbound analyte concentrations in the extracellular fluid of virtually any tissue.
Bioassay
Involves the response of biological tissue to determine the amount of a substance
Manipulating the Brain: Stimulation
- Electrical
- Chemical
Radioimmunoassay
Involves the use of a radiolabeled ligand to determine the amount of a substance.
Sampling Brain Chemicals
- Brain Dissection/Brian Punches
- Microdialysis
- Cerebral Spinal Fluid Sampling
Biological Periodicity
Measuring Chemicals in the Brain
- Bioassay
- Chemical Assay
- Radioimmunoassy
The most important part of any type of assay is the standard curve.
Chemical Assay
Involves a physical detection method to the amount of a substance.
Standard Curve - Definition
A standard curve, also known as a calibration curve, is a type of graph used as a quantitative research technique
Standard Curve - Process
Multiple samples with known properties are measured and graphed, which then allows the same properties to be determined for unknown samples by interpolation on the graph. The samples with known properties are the standards, and the graph is the standard curve.
Biological Rhythms (C’s)
- Circadian
- Circatidal
- Circalunar
- Circannual
Circadian Rhythm of Body Temperature
Almost every physiological or behavior response you can measure will show a rhythmic pattern.
Body temperature is an excellent example of a circadian rhythm
Infradian Rhythm - Example
The running-wheel activity of a female rat is an example of an infradian rhythm; activity is correlated with the estrous cycle of the female rat.
Squirrel Monkeys’ Physiological Function Variation
Variation in behavioral and physiological functions with the time of day in squirrel monkeys maintained in a light-dark cycle. Each curve represents the mean value of several days of data plus the standard error of the mean. There were prominent diurnal rhythms in each of these variables except arterial blood pressure.
Biological Rhythms - Terminology
- Period length
- Amplitude
- Phase
- Phase Angle
Biological Rhythms - Between Rhythms
The relationship of one rhythm to another is expressed in terms of phase relationship.
Geophysical Determinants of Circadian Rhythms - Daily Rhythm
Geophysical Determinants of Circadian Rhythms - Seasonal Rhythm
Seasonal changes occur because the earth’s axis of rotation is tilted with respect to its plane of revolution.
Wheel-Running Activity of Hamster - Recording
Methods of recording the wheel-running activity of a hamster. In the traditional method, each wheel rotation activates a sideways movement of a pen on a moving sheet of paper.
Wheel-Running Activity of Hamster - Result
The patches of activity can then be arranged by day in a vertical fashion to be analyzed; these representation are known as actograms.
Actogram
An actogram can be used to demonstrate the light-dark entrained circadian rhythm and demonstrate the effects of removal of the light-dark cycle (i.e., removal of the Zeitgebers) to produce a free running rhythm.
Free-Running Rhythms of Three Animals of Different Species - Animal
Free-running activity rhythms of individual animals from three mammalian species living without time cues: (A) mouse (Mus musculus); (B) pigtailed monkey (Macaca nemestrina); (C) human.
