Exam 2 (Pt. 6)

Question 1

Skinner Box - Use

Answer 1

It would be use to experiment with positive reinforcement by giving the animal a pellet each time it hit the lever in the apparatus

Use It could be used for negative reinforcement by applying a electric charge that could only subsided by hitting the lever.

Question 2

Skinner Box - Recording

Answer 2

A Cumulative Recorder could be used in which paper is drawn across a roller at a constant speed, and each time a lever press occurs a pen steps up one increment.

Question 5

Maze Experiments

Answer 5

• “T” Maze
• “Y” Maze
• Morris Water Maze
• Radial Arm Maze

Question 6

Morris Water Maze - Process

Answer 6

The rat placed in the middle of a small pool that is opaque enough to hide a platform under the water; the rat needs to find the platform to be able to rest and escape the water.

Question 7

Schedules of Reinforcement

Answer 7

• Continuous (CRF)
• Fixed Ratio (FR)
• Variable Ratio (VR)
• Fixed Interval (FI)
• Variable Interval (VI)
• Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates (DRL)
• Temporal Avoidance Conditioning

Question 8

Radial Arm Maze - Working Memory

Answer 8

Working memory is assessed when the rats enter each arm a single time. Re-entry into the arms would result in a working memory error

Question 9

Radial Arm Maze - Reference Memory

Answer 9

Reference memory is assessed when the rats only visit the arms of the maze which contains the reward. The failure to do so will result in reference memory error.

Question 10

The Delayed-Response Task

Answer 10

Question 11

Reasons for Developing & Using Animal Models

Answer 11

Question 12

Instrumental Learning & Cognitive Tests

Answer 12

Mazes:

• Simple
• Complex

Complex problem solving (e.g., matching to sample)

Question 13

Multiple Environmental Stressor-Induced Hypertension

Answer 13

Question 15

Minimum Five List for Major Depression

Answer 15

Question 17

Morris Water Maze - Strategy

Answer 17

• Praxic Strategy: remembering the movements needed to get to the platform
• Taxic Strategy: the rat uses visual cues to get to their destination
• Spatial Strategy: using distal cues as points of reference to locate themselves

Question 18

Disorders Studied using Animal Behavioral Models

Answer 18

Question 23

Complexity of Modeling Psychological Disorders

Answer 23

• Simple Disorder v. Syndrome
• Signs v. Symptoms
• Physiological Disorders have signs (measurable)
• Psychological disorders have few (measurable) signs but many (symptoms).

Question 25

Complexity of Modeling seen in Major Depression

Answer 25

Must include either pervasive depressed mood (verbal report) or pervasive loss of ability to experience pleasure or interest in other things (anhedonia).

Must include at least five characteristics from a list of signs/symptoms (DSM).

Question 27

Validity

Answer 27

The degree to which ones ideas and concepts are true and that the research conducted to test them is correct. The extent to which something exists and that X truly measures X and not Y.

Question 28

Reliability

Answer 28

Requirement that a measure be consistent and reproducible. High reliability requires a minimum of measurement (experimental) error.

Question 29

The Tail-Flick Test for Analgesia

Answer 29

Question 30

Hot Plate Test for Analgesia

Answer 30

Question 32

Picking a Model of a Psychological/Behavioral Disorder - Process

Answer 32

Process What is to be accomplished with the model

• Drug or therapeutic screening,
• Establish the cause of a disease
• Analysis of the mechanisms of the course of a disorder

Process What are the resources required and their cost?

Question 33

Regression Analysis of Drug Potency in Conflict Test (Conditioned Suppression) with Clinical Potency

Answer 33

Question 34

Depression: Drug Screens with Reasonable Predictive Validity But Low Face and Construct Validity

Answer 34

Question 35

Drug Class & Activity Induction

Answer 35

Question 36

Validity in Relation to Animal Models of Disorders

Answer 36

* Predictive (Empirical) Validity * Face Validity * Construct Validity

Question 37

Predictive (Empirical) Validity

Answer 37

* The most important type of validity for drug screening * Characteristics of model do not necessarily resemble disorder * Should be highly selective (i.e. eliminate false positives and false negatives) * Should follow established potency, time course and interaction relationships among drugs * Results can be expressed quantitatively

Question 38

Face Validity

Answer 38

Have close similarities or parallels between the model and the disorder Should also be included the last two of the characteristics required for predictive validity (potency, time course, etc.; quantitatively expressed). Examples: temporal characteristics for onset of drug effect; mimic drug interaction effects.

Question 39

Construct Validity

Answer 39

* Theoretically relevant model * Useful for investigating cause (etiology), disease course and mechanism * Should also include all the characteristics for a face validity

Question 40

Screening Assays - Use

Answer 40

Models developed to permit preclinical evaluation of drugs

Question 41

Screening Assays - Requirement

Answer 41

Model must be highly selective and avoid false positives and false negatives (predictive validity). May also consider potency relationships, temporal course of action and drug interactions (face validity).

Question 42

Homologous Models - Include

Answer 42

Predictive, Face, and Construct Validity

Question 43

Homologous Models - Use

Answer 43

Models developed to stimulate a specific clinical sign or symptom of the human disorder (behavioral similarity models). Models developed to evaluate etiological theories of psychopathology (theory drives the model). Models developed with the primary purpose of studying underlying mechanisms (mechanistic models)

Question 44

Measures of Analgesia

Answer 44

* Tail Flick * Hot Plate Test * Flinch-jump Procedure

Question 47

Animal Models of Anxiety

Answer 47

Passive avoidance of light Conditioned defensive burying Elevated-plus Maze Response Suppression: * (1) unconditioned behaviors (e.g. licking) * (2) conditioned behaviors (e.g., operant conditioned).

Question 48

Elevated Plus Maze

Answer 48

The mechanisms measures the amount time the rodent spends time within enclosed arms or the open arms. The experiment uses the rodents thigmotaxis (preference for enclosed areas or edges of walls) to test changes in behaviors due to drugs or other effects.