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Psychopharmacology (EXAM 2) > Exam 2 (Pt. 6) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Pt. 6) Flashcards

1
Q

Skinner Box - Use

A

It would be use to experiment with positive reinforcement by giving the animal a pellet each time it hit the lever in the apparatus

Use It could be used for negative reinforcement by applying a electric charge that could only subsided by hitting the lever.

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2
Q

Skinner Box - Recording

A

A Cumulative Recorder could be used in which paper is drawn across a roller at a constant speed, and each time a lever press occurs a pen steps up one increment.

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5
Q

Maze Experiments

A
  • “T” Maze
  • “Y” Maze
  • Morris Water Maze
  • Radial Arm Maze
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6
Q

Morris Water Maze - Process

A

The rat placed in the middle of a small pool that is opaque enough to hide a platform under the water; the rat needs to find the platform to be able to rest and escape the water.

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7
Q

Schedules of Reinforcement

A
  • Continuous (CRF)
  • Fixed Ratio (FR)
  • Variable Ratio (VR)
  • Fixed Interval (FI)
  • Variable Interval (VI)
  • Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates (DRL)
  • Temporal Avoidance Conditioning
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8
Q

Radial Arm Maze - Working Memory

A

Working memory is assessed when the rats enter each arm a single time. Re-entry into the arms would result in a working memory error

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9
Q

Radial Arm Maze - Reference Memory

A

Reference memory is assessed when the rats only visit the arms of the maze which contains the reward. The failure to do so will result in reference memory error.

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10
Q

The Delayed-Response Task

A
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11
Q

Reasons for Developing & Using Animal Models

A
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12
Q

Instrumental Learning & Cognitive Tests

A

Mazes:

  • Simple
  • Complex

Complex problem solving (e.g., matching to sample)

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13
Q

Multiple Environmental Stressor-Induced Hypertension

A
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15
Q

Minimum Five List for Major Depression

A
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17
Q

Morris Water Maze - Strategy

A
  • Praxic Strategy: remembering the movements needed to get to the platform
  • Taxic Strategy: the rat uses visual cues to get to their destination
  • Spatial Strategy: using distal cues as points of reference to locate themselves
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18
Q

Disorders Studied using Animal Behavioral Models

A
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23
Q

Complexity of Modeling Psychological Disorders

A
  • Simple Disorder v. Syndrome
  • Signs v. Symptoms
  • Physiological Disorders have signs (measurable)
  • Psychological disorders have few (measurable) signs but many (symptoms).
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25
Q

Complexity of Modeling seen in Major Depression

A

Must include either pervasive depressed mood (verbal report) or pervasive loss of ability to experience pleasure or interest in other things (anhedonia).

Must include at least five characteristics from a list of signs/symptoms (DSM).

27
Q

Validity

A

The degree to which ones ideas and concepts are true and that the research conducted to test them is correct. The extent to which something exists and that X truly measures X and not Y.

28
Q

Reliability

A

Requirement that a measure be consistent and reproducible. High reliability requires a minimum of measurement (experimental) error.

29
Q

The Tail-Flick Test for Analgesia

A
30
Q

Hot Plate Test for Analgesia

A
32
Q

Picking a Model of a Psychological/Behavioral Disorder - Process

A

Process What is to be accomplished with the model

  • Drug or therapeutic screening,
  • Establish the cause of a disease
  • Analysis of the mechanisms of the course of a disorder

Process What are the resources required and their cost?

33
Q

Regression Analysis of Drug Potency in Conflict Test (Conditioned Suppression) with Clinical Potency

A
34
Q

Depression: Drug Screens with Reasonable Predictive Validity But Low Face and Construct Validity

A
35
Q

Drug Class & Activity Induction

A
36
Q

Validity in Relation to Animal Models of Disorders

A
  • Predictive (Empirical) Validity
  • Face Validity
  • Construct Validity
37
Q

Predictive (Empirical) Validity

A
  • The most important type of validity for drug screening
  • Characteristics of model do not necessarily resemble disorder
  • Should be highly selective (i.e. eliminate false positives and false negatives)
  • Should follow established potency, time course and interaction relationships among drugs
  • Results can be expressed quantitatively
38
Q

Face Validity

A

Have close similarities or parallels between the model and the disorder

Should also be included the last two of the characteristics required for predictive validity (potency, time course, etc.; quantitatively expressed).

Examples: temporal characteristics for onset of drug effect; mimic drug interaction effects.

39
Q

Construct Validity

A
  • Theoretically relevant model
  • Useful for investigating cause (etiology), disease course and mechanism
  • Should also include all the characteristics for a face validity
40
Q

Screening Assays - Use

A

Models developed to permit preclinical evaluation of drugs

41
Q

Screening Assays - Requirement

A

Model must be highly selective and avoid false positives and false negatives (predictive validity).

May also consider potency relationships, temporal course of action and drug interactions (face validity).

42
Q

Homologous Models - Include

A

Predictive, Face, and Construct Validity

43
Q

Homologous Models - Use

A

Models developed to stimulate a specific clinical sign or symptom of the human disorder (behavioral similarity models).

Models developed to evaluate etiological theories of psychopathology (theory drives the model).

Models developed with the primary purpose of studying underlying mechanisms (mechanistic models)

44
Q

Measures of Analgesia

A
  • Tail Flick
  • Hot Plate Test
  • Flinch-jump Procedure
47
Q

Animal Models of Anxiety

A

Passive avoidance of light

Conditioned defensive burying

Elevated-plus Maze

Response Suppression:

  • (1) unconditioned behaviors (e.g. licking)
  • (2) conditioned behaviors (e.g., operant conditioned).
48
Q

Elevated Plus Maze

A

The mechanisms measures the amount time the rodent spends time within enclosed arms or the open arms.

The experiment uses the rodents thigmotaxis (preference for enclosed areas or edges of walls) to test changes in behaviors due to drugs or other effects.

Psychopharmacology (EXAM 2) (13 decks)

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