Exam 2 (Pt. 4) Flashcards
Similarities between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System - Ganglion
- All preganglionic fibers are myelinated
- All postganglionic fibers are nonmyelinated
- The number of postglangionic fibers is higher than the number of preganglionic fibers.
Similarities between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System - Drug
Ganglia of both systems are equally susceptible to drugs.
Similarities between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System - Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter at ganglia of both systems is acetylcholine.
Similarities between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System - Denervation
Both system elicit denervation supersensitivity of target tissue (effector organ) upon removal of ganglia.
- Supersentivity becomes apparent within 24 - 48 hours of denervation.
Differences between Para- and Sympathetic Nervous System (Neurotransmitters)
ACh Sites of Interaction Muscarinic v. Nicotinic Receptors
Cholinergic Receptors and their Agonist
Don’t need to know structures.
Cholinergic Receptors and their Antagonist
Differences Between the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Systems (1 - 4)
Differences Between the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Systems (5 - 8)
Andrenergic Receptors - Role
Alpha and beta andrenergic receptors bind norepinephrine and epinephrine and are located in different parts of the body.
Adrenergic Receptor - Type
Adrenergic Receptor - Subtypes
Adrenergic Agonist
Adrenergic Antagonist
Degradation of Catecholamines
The enzymes that degrade DA and NE are Monoamine oxidase (MAO) and Catechol–O-methyltransferase (COMT).
Extracellular Chemical Communication Systems - Image A
In the synaptic transmitter (neurocrine) communication, a chemical signal is released from the presynaptic terminal of the neuron and binds to receptor molecules on a postsynaptic target cell.
Extracellular Chemical Communication Systems - Image B
Autocrine mechanism are the feedback effects of a chemical signal on the very cell from which it was released; some synaptic transmitters are also autocrine signals in that they affect on the presynaptic terminal (autoreceptors).
Extracellular Chemical Communication Systems - Image C
In paracrine communication, chemical signals diffuse through extracellular space to nearby target cells; the strongest effects are produced in the nearest cells.
Extracellular Chemical Communication Systems - Image D
Endocrine glands produce chemical signals and release them into the bloodstream. Effects are produced in the body wherever receptors for the hormone are found.
Extracellular Chemical Communication Systems - Image E
Pheromones carry a message from one individual to other individuals. Often pheromones indicate whether the individual emitting them is ready to mate.
Extracellular Chemical Communication Systems - Image F
Allomones are produced by individuals of one species to communicate with (and effect the behavior of) individual of other species. Some plants even communicate with animals via allomones.
Endocrine Cells
Endocrine hormones are secreted by endocrine cells into the blood stream, where they may travel to distant target organs.
Exocrine Cells
In contrast to endocrine cells, exocrine cells, such as those found in the salivary, sweat, and mammary glands (and in parts of the pancreas), secrete their products into ducts that carry them to adjacent target organs or the external environment.
Major Endocrine Glands, Their Hormones, and Functions (Part 1)
Major Endocrine Glands, Their Hormones, and Functions (Part 2)
Major Endocrine Glands, Their Hormones, and Functions (Part 3)
Chemical Classes of Hormones
Amino Acid/Polypeptide Hormone - Interaction
Certain amino acid and polypeptide hormones interact with cell surface receptors, stimulating intracellular production of cyclic AMP (cAMP), which binds to an intracellular receptor and stimulates phosphorylation of intracellular proteins.
Steroid Hormone - Interaction
Steroid hormones, in contrast, enter the target cell and bind to a specific cytoplasmic receptor. The hormone-receptor complex is then transported into the nucleus, where it binds to specific sites on the genome (DNA) and activates transcription of new RNA, which mediates the response characteristic of the cell by directing protein synthesis.
