Exam 2 (Pt. 4)

Question 1

Similarities between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System - Ganglion

Answer 1

• All preganglionic fibers are myelinated
• All postganglionic fibers are nonmyelinated
• The number of postglangionic fibers is higher than the number of preganglionic fibers.

Question 2

Similarities between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System - Drug

Answer 2

Ganglia of both systems are equally susceptible to drugs.

Question 3

Similarities between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System - Neurotransmitter

Answer 3

Neurotransmitter at ganglia of both systems is acetylcholine.

Question 4

Similarities between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System - Denervation

Answer 4

Both system elicit denervation supersensitivity of target tissue (effector organ) upon removal of ganglia.

• Supersentivity becomes apparent within 24 - 48 hours of denervation.

Question 5

Differences between Para- and Sympathetic Nervous System (Neurotransmitters)

Answer 5

Question 6

ACh Sites of Interaction Muscarinic v. Nicotinic Receptors

Answer 6

Question 7

Cholinergic Receptors and their Agonist

Answer 7

Don’t need to know structures.

Question 8

Cholinergic Receptors and their Antagonist

Answer 8

Question 9

Differences Between the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Systems (1 - 4)

Answer 9

Question 10

Differences Between the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Systems (5 - 8)

Answer 10

Question 11

Andrenergic Receptors - Role

Answer 11

Alpha and beta andrenergic receptors bind norepinephrine and epinephrine and are located in different parts of the body.

Question 12

Adrenergic Receptor - Type

Answer 12

Question 13

Adrenergic Receptor - Subtypes

Answer 13

Question 15

Adrenergic Agonist

Answer 15

Question 16

Adrenergic Antagonist

Answer 16

Question 17

Degradation of Catecholamines

Answer 17

The enzymes that degrade DA and NE are Monoamine oxidase (MAO) and Catechol–O-methyltransferase (COMT).

Question 22

Extracellular Chemical Communication Systems - Image A

Answer 22

In the synaptic transmitter (neurocrine) communication, a chemical signal is released from the presynaptic terminal of the neuron and binds to receptor molecules on a postsynaptic target cell.

Question 23

Extracellular Chemical Communication Systems - Image B

Answer 23

Autocrine mechanism are the feedback effects of a chemical signal on the very cell from which it was released; some synaptic transmitters are also autocrine signals in that they affect on the presynaptic terminal (autoreceptors).

Question 24

Extracellular Chemical Communication Systems - Image C

Answer 24

In paracrine communication, chemical signals diffuse through extracellular space to nearby target cells; the strongest effects are produced in the nearest cells.

Question 25

Extracellular Chemical Communication Systems - Image D

Answer 25

Endocrine glands produce chemical signals and release them into the bloodstream. Effects are produced in the body wherever receptors for the hormone are found.

Question 26

Extracellular Chemical Communication Systems - Image E

Answer 26

Pheromones carry a message from one individual to other individuals. Often pheromones indicate whether the individual emitting them is ready to mate.

Question 27

Extracellular Chemical Communication Systems - Image F

Answer 27

Allomones are produced by individuals of one species to communicate with (and effect the behavior of) individual of other species. Some plants even communicate with animals via allomones.

Question 28

Endocrine Cells

Answer 28

Endocrine hormones are secreted by endocrine cells into the blood stream, where they may travel to distant target organs.

Question 29

Exocrine Cells

Answer 29

In contrast to endocrine cells, exocrine cells, such as those found in the salivary, sweat, and mammary glands (and in parts of the pancreas), secrete their products into ducts that carry them to adjacent target organs or the external environment.

Question 30

Major Endocrine Glands, Their Hormones, and Functions (Part 1)

Answer 30

Question 31

Major Endocrine Glands, Their Hormones, and Functions (Part 2)

Answer 31

Question 32

Major Endocrine Glands, Their Hormones, and Functions (Part 3)

Answer 32

Question 33

Chemical Classes of Hormones

Answer 33

Question 34

Amino Acid/Polypeptide Hormone - Interaction

Answer 34

Certain amino acid and polypeptide hormones interact with cell surface receptors, stimulating intracellular production of cyclic AMP (cAMP), which binds to an intracellular receptor and stimulates phosphorylation of intracellular proteins.

Question 35

Steroid Hormone - Interaction

Answer 35

Steroid hormones, in contrast, enter the target cell and bind to a specific cytoplasmic receptor. The hormone-receptor complex is then transported into the nucleus, where it binds to specific sites on the genome (DNA) and activates transcription of new RNA, which mediates the response characteristic of the cell by directing protein synthesis.

Question 40

Adrenergic Agonist/Antagonist - Function

Answer 40

Adrenergic agonist and antagonists bind either alpha or beta adrenergic receptor.

Question 44

Predominance of Sympathetic or Parasympathetic Tone at Effector Sites - Control

Answer 44

Each visceral or organ is tonically (i.e., under normal circumstances) under the control either the sympathetic or parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

Question 45

Predominance of Sympathetic or Parasympathetic Tone at Effector Sites - Determination

Answer 45

Simultaneous blockade (ganglionic blocker) of both limbs of the ANS reveals which ANS was exerting the tonic influence

Question 46

Chemical Mediators - Classes of Agents

Answer 46

* Neurotransmitters * Hormones * Cytokines * Growth Factors

Question 47

Chemical Mediators - Multiple Roles

Answer 47

* Polyfunctional Peptides * Polyfunctional Catecholamines (NE, E)