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Psychopharmacology (EXAM 2) > Exam 2 (Pt. 5) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Pt. 5) Flashcards

1
Q

Pituitary Gland

A
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2
Q

Andenohypophysis

A

AKA Anterior Pituitary

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3
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

AKA Posterior Pituitary

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5
Q

Neurosecretion

A
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8
Q

Milk & Oxytocin - Stimulation

A

Upon stimulation of the nipple by a feeding baby, oxytocin is released, which causes the epithelial surrounding the lumens of the mammary gland ducts to contract.

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9
Q

Neurohypophysis - Releases

A

The posterior pituitary releases Oxytocin and Vasopressin These are made in magnocellular neurons in the hypothalamus. These cells are located in the Paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus

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10
Q

Milk & Oxytocin - Mammary Gland

A
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12
Q

Brain Control of the Anterior Pituitary Gland - Diagram

A
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13
Q

Feedback Control in Hypothalmo-Pituitary Systems

A
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14
Q

Vasopressin/Oxytocin - Structure

A

Both vasopressin and oxytocin are cyclic peptides, 9 amino acids in length.

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15
Q

Vasopressin/Oxytocin - Production

A

Both peptides are cleaved out of precursor peptide

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17
Q

Milk & Oxytocin - Conditioning

A

The lactating response is subject to classical conditioning: a lactating mother may experience milk letdown after merely hearing a crying baby.

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19
Q

Brain Control of the Anterior Pituitary Gland - Control

A

The releasing hormones are made in the brain proper, released into the base of the brain (i.e., hypothalamus) and transported by blood (via a portal system) to the anterior pituitary.

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22
Q

Adrenal Gland - Structure

A

Adrenocortical tissue is stippled

Adrenal Medullary tissue is black

Adrenal Cortex

  • Glucocorticoids - cortisol, corticosterone, etc.
  • Mineralocorticoid - aldosterone

Adrenal Medulla

  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine
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23
Q

Behavioral Studies in Biomedical Research

A
  • As tools for analyzing behavior
  • Drug development and therapeutic testing
  • Animal Models of Disease
  • Behavioral Phenotyping
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24
Q

Behavioral Studies in Pharmacology

A
  • What psychological processes are affected by a drug?
  • What behavioral changes are induced by a given drug?
  • Does a drug (chemical) have therapeutic potential?
  • Does a drug have a toxic a teratological effects?
25
Q

SImple Behaviors - Training

A

Requires no training

26
Q

Withdrawal Reflex

A
27
Q

Reflex/Locomotor Responses

A

Simple Behavior

Characteristics:

  • Innate
  • Stereotyped Pattern
  • Lack Spontaneity (Stimulus Bound)
28
Q

Wheel-Running Recording

A
29
Q

Instinctive/Motivated Behaviors

A

Simple Behavior

Characteristics:

  • More complex in form than reflexes and sequenced
  • Fixed action patterns
  • Appetitive & Consumatory Phases
  • Do not require prior experience
  • Modifiable
30
Q

Rotarod Performance Test - Contraption

A

Rotarod Apparatus and Decline in Performance in an Aging Knockout Mouse Modeling a Neurological Disease

31
Q

Aggression

A
32
Q

Instinctive/Motivated Behaviors - Behavior

A
  • Ingestive (drinking; eating)
  • Social
  • Courtship
  • Aggression
  • Reproductive
  • Flight (Escape)
  • Parental Care
33
Q

Complex Behaviors - Training

A

Requires training

34
Q

Instrumental Learning: Thorndike’s Puzzle Box - Process

A

He would put a cat inside the back and place an incentive outside for it to escape. Once it escaped, it would be placed again inside the box. The time was taken for each of these trials.

35
Q

Learned Behaviors

A

Complex Behaviors

Characteristics:

  • Classical Conditioning
  • Instrumental Conditioning
  • Tests of Cognitive Function
36
Q

Simple Unlearned Behaviors (C - H)

A
  • Catalepsy
  • Defecation/Urination
  • Grooming
  • Harderian Secretion
37
Q

Simple Unlearned Behaviors (P - R)

A
  • Placing Response
  • Ptosis
  • Righting Response
38
Q

Simple Unlearned Behaviors (S - W)

A
  • Salivation
  • Seizures
  • Tremors
  • Withdrawal Reflex
40
Q

Locomotor Responses - Behavior

A
  • Open Field
  • Running Wheel
  • Activity Cages
  • Rotarod
  • Swimming
42
Q

Rotarod Performance Test - Use

A

Rodents naturally try to stay on the rotating cylinder, or rotarod, and avoid falling to the ground. The length of time that a given animal stays on this rotating rod is a measure of their balance, coordination, physical condition, and motor-planning.

45
Q

Conditioning - Type

A
  • Classical Conditioning (e.g., Pavlov)
  • Instrumental Learning (e.g., Skinner Box)
46
Q

Classical Conditioning

A
  • Reflex stimulus (food) ==> Unconditioned response (salivation)
  • Neutral Stimulus (bell) + Reflex stimulus (food) ==> Unconditioned (Salivation
  • Neutral Stimulus (bell) ==> Conditioned Response (Salivation)
48
Q

Instrumental Learning: Thorndike’s Puzzle Box - Proposition

A

Edward Thorndike put forward a “Law of effect” which stated that any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped.

Psychopharmacology (EXAM 2) (13 decks)

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