Exam 2 (Pt. 5)

Question 1

Pituitary Gland

Answer 1

Question 2

Andenohypophysis

Answer 2

AKA Anterior Pituitary

Question 3

Neurohypophysis

Answer 3

AKA Posterior Pituitary

Question 5

Neurosecretion

Answer 5

Question 8

Milk & Oxytocin - Stimulation

Answer 8

Upon stimulation of the nipple by a feeding baby, oxytocin is released, which causes the epithelial surrounding the lumens of the mammary gland ducts to contract.

Question 9

Neurohypophysis - Releases

Answer 9

The posterior pituitary releases Oxytocin and Vasopressin These are made in magnocellular neurons in the hypothalamus. These cells are located in the Paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus

Question 10

Milk & Oxytocin - Mammary Gland

Answer 10

Question 12

Brain Control of the Anterior Pituitary Gland - Diagram

Answer 12

Question 13

Feedback Control in Hypothalmo-Pituitary Systems

Answer 13

Question 14

Vasopressin/Oxytocin - Structure

Answer 14

Both vasopressin and oxytocin are cyclic peptides, 9 amino acids in length.

Question 15

Vasopressin/Oxytocin - Production

Answer 15

Both peptides are cleaved out of precursor peptide

Question 17

Milk & Oxytocin - Conditioning

Answer 17

The lactating response is subject to classical conditioning: a lactating mother may experience milk letdown after merely hearing a crying baby.

Question 19

Brain Control of the Anterior Pituitary Gland - Control

Answer 19

The releasing hormones are made in the brain proper, released into the base of the brain (i.e., hypothalamus) and transported by blood (via a portal system) to the anterior pituitary.

Question 22

Adrenal Gland - Structure

Answer 22

Adrenocortical tissue is stippled

Adrenal Medullary tissue is black

Adrenal Cortex

• Glucocorticoids - cortisol, corticosterone, etc.
• Mineralocorticoid - aldosterone

Adrenal Medulla

• Epinephrine
• Norepinephrine

Question 23

Behavioral Studies in Biomedical Research

Answer 23

• As tools for analyzing behavior
• Drug development and therapeutic testing
• Animal Models of Disease
• Behavioral Phenotyping

Question 24

Behavioral Studies in Pharmacology

Answer 24

• What psychological processes are affected by a drug?
• What behavioral changes are induced by a given drug?
• Does a drug (chemical) have therapeutic potential?
• Does a drug have a toxic a teratological effects?

Question 25

SImple Behaviors - Training

Answer 25

Requires no training

Question 26

Withdrawal Reflex

Answer 26

Question 27

Reflex/Locomotor Responses

Answer 27

Simple Behavior

Characteristics:

• Innate
• Stereotyped Pattern
• Lack Spontaneity (Stimulus Bound)

Question 28

Wheel-Running Recording

Answer 28

Question 29

Instinctive/Motivated Behaviors

Answer 29

Simple Behavior

Characteristics:

• More complex in form than reflexes and sequenced
• Fixed action patterns
• Appetitive & Consumatory Phases
• Do not require prior experience
• Modifiable

Question 30

Rotarod Performance Test - Contraption

Answer 30

Rotarod Apparatus and Decline in Performance in an Aging Knockout Mouse Modeling a Neurological Disease

Question 31

Aggression

Answer 31

Question 32

Instinctive/Motivated Behaviors - Behavior

Answer 32

• Ingestive (drinking; eating)
• Social
• Courtship
• Aggression
• Reproductive
• Flight (Escape)
• Parental Care

Question 33

Complex Behaviors - Training

Answer 33

Requires training

Question 34

Instrumental Learning: Thorndike's Puzzle Box - Process

Answer 34

He would put a cat inside the back and place an incentive outside for it to escape. Once it escaped, it would be placed again inside the box. The time was taken for each of these trials.

Question 35

Learned Behaviors

Answer 35

Complex Behaviors Characteristics: * Classical Conditioning * Instrumental Conditioning * Tests of Cognitive Function

Question 36

Simple Unlearned Behaviors (C - H)

Answer 36

* Catalepsy * Defecation/Urination * Grooming * Harderian Secretion

Question 37

Simple Unlearned Behaviors (P - R)

Answer 37

* Placing Response * Ptosis * Righting Response

Question 38

Simple Unlearned Behaviors (S - W)

Answer 38

* Salivation * Seizures * Tremors * Withdrawal Reflex

Question 40

Locomotor Responses - Behavior

Answer 40

* Open Field * Running Wheel * Activity Cages * Rotarod * Swimming

Question 42

Rotarod Performance Test - Use

Answer 42

Rodents naturally try to stay on the rotating cylinder, or rotarod, and avoid falling to the ground. The length of time that a given animal stays on this rotating rod is a measure of their balance, coordination, physical condition, and motor-planning.

Question 45

Conditioning - Type

Answer 45

* Classical Conditioning (e.g., Pavlov) * Instrumental Learning (e.g., Skinner Box)

Question 46

Classical Conditioning

Answer 46

* Reflex stimulus (food) ==\> Unconditioned response (salivation) * Neutral Stimulus (bell) + Reflex stimulus (food) ==\> Unconditioned (Salivation * Neutral Stimulus (bell) ==\> Conditioned Response (Salivation)

Question 48

Instrumental Learning: Thorndike's Puzzle Box - Proposition

Answer 48

Edward Thorndike put forward a “Law of effect” which stated that any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped.