Exam 2 (Pt. 3)

Question 1

Coronal Section Through Human Brain

Answer 1

Question 2

Regions of the Hypothalamus

Answer 2

The nuclei are situated on the far side of the wall of the third ventricle, inside the right hemisphere.

Question 3

Topographic Sensory Coding in the Cerebral Cortex - Regions & Areas

Answer 3

Question 4

Topographic Sensory Coding in the Cerebral Cortex - Somatosensory

Answer 4

Question 5

Topographic Organization of the Motor System in the Cerebral Cortex

Answer 5

Question 7

Cytoarchitectural Map of Human Cortex (after Brodmann, 1909) - Design

Answer 7

He mapped the human cortex based on cytoarchitectural differences.

Question 9

Layers of the Cerebral Cortex - General

Answer 9

• (A)/(B) are layers of the cerebral cortex
• (C) is a cortical pyramidal cell

Question 10

Layers of the Cerebral Cortex - Image A/B

Answer 10

• Part (a) is stained (Nissl stain) to show cell bodies
• Part (b) shows shapes and positions of typical cells, using Golgi stain.

Question 11

Basal Ganglia

Answer 11

Notice that, in this view, the right globus pallidus is largely hidden behind the right thalamus, and the left globus pallidus is totally hidden behind the left putamen.

Question 12

Reticular Activating System

Answer 12

The reticular activating system is a region in the middle of the brain characterized by a mixture of cells and fiber pathways.

Question 14

Limbic System

Answer 14

Question 15

Brain Meninges

Answer 15

Diagram of meninges surrounding cerebral cortex, showing relation of arachnoid villus to dural venous sinus.

Question 16

Cerebral Pia-arachnoid

Answer 16

Diagram of cerebral pia-arachnoid, showing relations of subarachnoid space, perivascular channels, and nerve cells.

Question 17

Blood Supply to the Base of the Brain and Cortex

Answer 17

Formation and branches of the arterial circle on the inferior surface of the brain

Question 18

The Main Arteries on the Lateral Surface of the Hemisphere

Answer 18

Question 19

Brain Circumventricular Organs

Answer 19

Question 22

Cytoarchitectural Map of Human Cortex (after Brodmann, 1909) - History

Answer 22

An anatomist by the name of Brodmann about 100 years ago recognized that the cerebral cortex was not uniform in its composition.

Question 24

Homeostasis - Water B. Cannon Definition

Answer 24

Question 25

Cytoarchitectural Map of Human Cortex (after Brodmann, 1909) - Use

Answer 25

Broadmann’s map is still used today by medical fields (e.g., neurologists) to specify cortical regions, for example to describe the extent of damage by a stroke.

Question 27

Thermoregulation - Interacting Systems

Answer 27

Homeostasis is maintained by multiple interacting systems; some of the primary ways our body gains (left) and conserves and loses (right) heat and their natural control.

Question 30

Thermoregulation - Regulation

Answer 30

This physiological endpoint regulation (maintenance) is achieved by activating one or more control mechanisms.

For example in the image, body temperature is regulated by activating control systems such as increased thyroid activity/thyroid hormone, metabolism of brown fat, perspiration, fanning oneself, etc.

Question 31

Behavior is important for Maintaining Homeostasis - Pathway

Answer 31

Question 33

The Autonomic Nervous System and the Target Organs it Serves

Answer 33

Question 34

The Sympathetic Chain of the SNS

Answer 34

Question 35

Source and Projections of the Vagus Nerve

Answer 35

Transverse section of the medulla oblongata illustrating the vagal motor system.

Question 36

Reticular Activating System - Effect

Answer 36

Stimulation of the RAS produces a waking EEG, whereas damage to it produces a slow-wave, sleeplike EEG.

Question 43

Brain - Role

Answer 43

• Sensation/Perception
• Movement
• Maintain the Internal Environment
• Tells Time
• Preservation of the Species
• Adaptation

Question 44

Endocrine/Autonomic Nervous Study

Answer 44

• The condition of the body affects brain function and in turn psychological processes
• Many principles related to drug action in the CNS have resulted from studying hormone-related mechanisms in the ANS

Question 45

Homeostasis - Component Maintained

Answer 45

• Temperature
• Body Water Balance and Distribution
• Mineral (Na⁺, Ca²⁺)
• Osmolality
• Energy
• Blood Pressure
• O₂ Levels
• CO₂ Levels

Question 46

Homeostasis - Bernard’s Definition

Answer 46

French Translation:

“The presence of a nearly fixed proportion of water in the interior milieu, a condition of free life.” (1878)

Question 48

Internal Defensive Systems

Answer 48

• Autonomic Nervous System
• Endocrine Systems
• Immune Systems

Question 49

Behavioral Defenses

Answer 49

• Homeostatic Behaviors
• Fight/Flight

Question 51

Thermoregulation - Behavior

Answer 51

Behavior also plays an important role in thermoregulation.

For example, we can:

• Move from a cool to a warm environment (or vice versa)
• Put on a sweater
• Exercise
• Adjust the thermostat

… to exert a behavioral control on heat generation, conservation, or loss.

Question 52

Thermoregulation - Dependent Variable

Answer 52

The dependent variable, that is the physiological endpoint that is to be maintained, is commonly referred to as being regulated, or the regulated variable.

Question 55

Behavior is important for Maintaining Homeostasis - Example

Answer 55

Temperature Regulation

Body Fluid Balance:

• Water Intake (Thirst)
• Ingestion of Salt (Sodium Appetite).

Food Intake (Hunger)