Exam 2 (Pt. 7) Flashcards
Homologous Models of Depression: Reasonable Predictive, Validity With Some Face and/or Construct Validity
Porsolt Forced Swim Test: Behavioral Despair
- Day 1: 15 min forced swim
- Next 24 Hrs: vehicle or antidepressant
- Day 2: 5 min forced swim; measure duration of active swimming or struggling.
Anhedonia - Webster’s Definition
A psychological condition characterized by inability to experience pleasure in normally pleasurable acts.
Chronic Mild Stress (CMS) Protocol
Chronic Mild Stress and Sucrose Intake
Anhedonia - Operational Definition
A decrease in behavioral responses for rewarding stimulus.
Anhedonia - Behavioral Measures
- Ingestion of Palatable Liquids
- Instrumental responding for rewarding brain stimulation
Paw Test for Antipsychotics - Process
The animal would be put in a contraption in which all their limbs would be dangling from a hole in the plastic platform
Prepulse Inhibition
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is a neurological phenomenon in which a weaker prestimulus (prepulse) inhibits the reaction of an organism to a subsequent strong startling stimulus (pulse)
Comparison of a Normal (Left) and Diseased (Right) Brain
Autoradiography
Process used to detect the amount and location of bounds radioligand by using a specialized film to create an image of where the radioligand is located within a tissue slice
Immunocytochemistry
A common laboratory technique that is used to anatomically visualize the localization of a specific protein or antigen in cells (esp. neuronal) by use of a specific primary antibody that binds to it
In Situ Hybridization
In situ hybridization (ISH) is a type of hybridization that uses a labeled complementary DNA, RNA or modified nucleic acids strand (i.e., probe) to localize a specific DNA or RNA sequence in a portion or section of tissue (in situ), or, if the tissue is small enough (e.g., plant seeds, Drosophila embryos), in the entire tissue (whole mount ISH), in cells, and in circulating tumor cells (CTCs)
X-ray Imaging
an X-ray beam is passed through the body where a portion of the X-rays are either absorbed or scattered by the internal structures, and the remaining X-ray pattern is transmitted to a detector (e.g., film or a computer screen) for recording or further processing by a computer.
Encephalogram
An x-ray of the brain, usually involving replacement of some cerebrospinal fluid by air or other gas that circulates to the brain’s ventricular spaces and acts as a contrast medium. (image: shows ventricles)
Computer Assisted Tomography (CT) - Process
In CT scanning the transmission of x-rays through tissue is read at each point of beam intersection.
Multiple narrow beams of x-rays are rotated 180º around one side of the skull while the x-ray detectors are rotated around the opposite side in an identical path.
At each degree of rotation, tube and detectors, now moving linearly, make a series of transmission readings (up to several hundred, depending on the model).
Models of Schizophrenia: Animal Assay Models
- Conditioned Avoidance
- Catalepsy
- Paw Test
- Self-stimulation paradigms (i.e., rewarding brain stimulation
Models of Schizophrenia: Homologous Models
- Prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex
- Rodent Interaction
- Social Behavior of Monkeys
- Chronic Amphetamine Intoxication
- Hippocampal Damage
- High Ambient Pressure
- Selective Breeding
CT Scan Through the Dorsal Diencephalon
In Vivo Imaging of the Brain Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Method - Process
The nucleus of an unstable radionuclide emits a positron, which travels a certain distance before it collides with an electron and is annihilated emitting two gamma rays, which then travel in precisely opposite directions.
Paw Test for Antipsychotics - Reason
It has been shown that antipsychotics increase the retraction time of the limbs for these rats.I
PET & Dopaminergic Cells
In this PET scan the precursor of dopamine, dihydroxy-phenylalanine (DOPA), labeled with 18F (F-DOPA) was used to identify dopaminergic fetal mesencephalic cells that had been implanted in the putamen of a patient with Parkinson disease.
The Use of Behavioral Methods in Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology (Summary)
Behavioral assays provide sensitive measures to test for the actions of drugs.
Behavioral tests with high predictive validity provide powerful drug screens.
Homologous models of psychological disorders provide a vehicle for investigating the cause and progression of disease.
The animal model chosen should depend on the purpose of the research with consideration of its labor intensive nature.
The Principle of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
A radiofrequency pulse will excite atomic nuclei, flipping them from the parallel state into the higher energy antiparallel state. Relaxation of the nuclei back into the low energy state generates the MRI signal.
