Exam 2 (Pt. 10) Flashcards
A Model of Sleep Employing the Concept of an Interaction Between a Circadian Rhythmic Process and a Sleep-Wake Process - Recovery
The period of recovery sleep that follows sleep deprivation is more intensive but only slightly longer than normal.
A Model of Sleep Employing the Concept of an Interaction Between a Circadian Rhythmic Process and a Sleep-Wake Process - Sleep Pressure
If curve C represent the threshold of waking up, then at any time, “sleep pressure is the (vertical) distance between the S and C curves; the greater the distance, the greater the pressure to fall asleep.
CNS Catecholamine Systems
Schematic Drawings of Noradrenergic Neurons
Examples of innervated structures are illustrated.
Schematic illustration of a Central Monoamine-containing Neuron
The general appearance and intraneuronal distribution of norepinephrine and the enzymatic degradation of NE.
Adrenergic Receptor Sub-types
The two main sub-types of adrenergic receptors are classified as alpha-adrenergic receptors and beta-adrenergic receptors. Alpha adrenergic receptors are further classified as alpha 1 and alpha 2. Beta adrenergic receptors are classified as beta-1, beta-2 and beta-3.
(Nor)Epinephrine Action on Receptors
This shows the actions of epinephrine and norepinephrine on alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors. Both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors are metabotropic receptors and are coupled through different types of G proteins
Mechanisms of Action of Key Drugs Acting at Noradrenergic Synapse
Site of action of agents modifying noradrenergic action at the synapse. Normal metabolic route is indicated with white arrows, action of drugs with black arrows. Agonist action at receptor site is indicated by a +, antagonist by a -.
Catecholamine Cell Groups and Fiber Tracts
What is worth noting is that both NE and DA cell groups are known as the “A” groups and that the NE groups (A1 to A7) are located in brain structures that are more caudal than the DA groups (A8 to A16).
The Noradrenergic Pathways in the Rat Brain
The projections of noradrenergic neurons are shown in a sagittal view. Clusters of cell bodies are shown as dots and are differentiated by numbers prefixed by the letter A, according to the schema of Dahlström and Fuxe.
Arousal Function of the Locus Coeruleus - Stimulation
The firing of LC neurons is activated by arousing sensory stimuli and inhibited during the performance of maintenance functions such as sleeping, grooming, and ingestive behaviors.
The structures shown at the top of the figure represent some of the projection areas of LC neurons.
Arousal Function of the Locus Coeruleus - Norepinephrine
From firing of LC neurons and other findings, it is hypothesized that NE plays an important role in vigilance; that is, attentiveness to salient and relevant external stimuli.
The structures shown at the top of the figure represent some of the projection areas of LC neurons.
The Four Major DA Pathways in the Brain
- Nigrostriatal
- Tuberinfundibular
- Mesolimbic
- Mesocortical
Nigrostriatal
From the substantia nigra to the putamen and caudate
Tuberoinfundibular
From the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus to the pituitary stalk
Mesolimbic
From the ventral tegmental area to many components of the limbic system
Mesocortical
From the ventral tegmental area to the neocortex, espcially prefrontal areas.
The Dopamine Synapse
Illustrating the processes of dopamine (DA) synthesis and metabolism, presynaptic and vesicular DA uptake, and vesicular DA release. Pre- and post-synaptic DA receptors and sites of action of some dopaminergic drugs are also shown. The table lists important dopaminergic agonists and antagonists.
Postsynaptic Dopamine Receptors
At this point, you only need to know that there are 6 subtypes of DA receptors and that all have 7 membrane spanning regions.
Some Drugs Interacting with Dopamine Systems
Drug-Induced Rotational Behavior in Rats with Unilateral Nigrostriatal Lesions - Amphetamine
(a) Amphetamine (which releases DA from the undamaged nigrostriatal nerve terminals) causes the animal to rotate toward the side with the lesion.
Drug-Induced Rotational Behavior in Rats with Unilateral Nigrostriatal Lesions - Apomorphine/L-DOPA
Apomorphine/L-DOPA (b) Apomorphine and L-DOPA both cause rotation away from the lesioned side by stimulating supersensitive DA receptors on that side.
Primary Psychomotor Stimulants
