Exam 2 (Pt. 11)

Question 1

Amphetamine (β-phenylisoproplamine) - Adverse Effect

Answer 1

• Dysphoria, insomnia, suicidal tendencies
• irritability, weakness, dizziness,
• tremor, headache, hyperactive reflexes,
• confusion, delirium, panic stress,

Amphetamine Psychosis

• Palpitations, anginal pain, cardiac arrhythmias,
• hypertension, headaches, chills,
• sweating, anorexia, nausea,
• vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea

Question 2

Amphetamine (β-phenylisoproplamine) - Therapeutic Use

Answer 2

• Weight Control
• Treatment of Narcolepsy
• Paradoxical calming effects in hyperactive children

Question 3

Children with ADHD - Sign

Answer 3

• Inattentive
• Impulsive
• Hyperkinetic

Question 4

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder - Subtype

Answer 4

• Inattentive
• Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive
• Combined

Question 5

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder - Pharmacotherapy

Answer 5

• Dextroamphetamine
• Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
• Pemoline (Cylert) FDA Withdrew in 2005

Question 6

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder - Mechanism of Drugs

Answer 6

• Enhanced dopaminergic function
• Enhanced noradrenergic function

Question 7

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder - Concerns of Drugs

Answer 7

• Growth Retardation
• Abuse Potential

Question 8

Nicotine - General

Answer 8

• Second only to caffeine in use as a CNS stimulant
• Active ingredient in tobacco
• Has no therapeutic use

Question 9

Nicotine - Mechanism

Answer 9

• Absorbed from oral mucosa, lungs, GI and skin
• Low dose - ganglionic agonist
• High dose - ganglionic blockade
• highly Lipid soluble
• Low dose - arousal, relaxation, improves attention, learning and reaction time
• High doses - depress central respiratory and cardiovascular areas
• Complex peripheral effects and action depends on dose
• Exacerbates peripheral vascular disease and angina

Question 10

Nicotine - Dependence

Answer 10

• Withdrawal syndrome varies in intensity between individuals
• Onset of syndrome is usually within 24 hours
• Symptoms include irritability, impatience, restlessness, anxiety, headaches, increased appetite, insomnia, difficulty in concentrating.
• There is also a decrease in heart rate, blood pressure and circulating epinephrine.
• Blood flow to the skin increases and thus skin temperature increases.

Question 11

Nicotine Concentrations in Blood Resulting from Different Nicotine Delivery Systems

Answer 11

Question 12

Effects of Nicotine - Subjective

Answer 12

Question 13

Effects of Nicotine - Physiologic Effect

Answer 13

CTZ – chemoreceptor trigger zone (area postrema)

Question 14

Effects of Nicotine - Withdrawal Syndrome

Answer 14

Question 15

Nicotine: Stimulant Effect on Heart Rate

Answer 15

The heart rate is stimulated by nicotine in a dose-dependent way. Also, the nicotine effect is stronger after overnight abstinence (color bars) than after the 1-h abstinence between the first and the second cigarettes of the day (gray bars).

Question 16

Per Capita Cigarette Consumption in the United States From 1900 to 1985

Answer 16

Question 17

Relationship Between Cigarette Smoking and Death From Lung Cancer

Answer 17

Question 19

Caffeine - Mechanism

Answer 19

Question 20

Effects of Caffeine - Subjective

Answer 20

Question 21

Effects of Caffeine - Physiologic

Answer 21

Question 22

Effects of Caffeine - Withdrawal Syndrome

Answer 22

Question 23

Typical Caffeine Content of Common Food Items and Drugs

Answer 23

Question 25

Cognitive and Psychomotor Performance as a Function of Average Daily Caffeine Consumption - Conclusion

Answer 25

The results indicate a significant relationship between overall daily caffeine intake and improved performance on every task.

Question 30

Time Course of Caffeine Withdrawal Symptoms - Conclusion

Answer 30

Substitution of placebo for this low dose of caffeine produced a rapid appearance of withdrawal symptoms followed by a gradual return to normalcy over the next several days. *p 0.05 compared to the mean of the initial caffeine period.

Question 31

Glutamate Synthesis & Inactivation

Answer 31

Question 33

Caffeine - General

Answer 33

* Caffeine is a methylxanthine * Most popular and widely consumed drug in the world

Question 34

Structural and Functional Properties of Glutamate Receptors

Answer 34

Question 35

Schematic Representation of the NMDA Receptor Complex

Answer 35

Diagram The NMDA receptor complex possesses a glutamate recognition site to which receptor agonists and competitive antagonists bind, as well as other binding sites for glycine, polyamines such as spermine and spermidine, phencyclidine (PCP) and related drugs, Mg2+, and Zn2+. Channel opening permits an influx of Na+ and Ca2+ ions, and efflux of K+ ions.

Question 41

Cognitive and Psychomotor Performance as a Function of Average Daily Caffeine Consumption - Procedure

Answer 41

Over 7,000 men and women in Great Britain were surveyed for information on their coffee- and tea-drinking habits and for other potentially relevant lifestyle variables. They were subsequently tested for their performance on four tasks: simple reaction time, choice reaction time, incidental verbal memory, and visuospatial reasoning.

Question 43

Time Course of Caffeine Withdrawal Symptoms - Procedure

Answer 43

The subjects of this study were seven men and women, all of whom were regular caffeine users (mean prestudy consumption was estimated to be 384 mg/day). During the study, the subjects refrained from all dietary caffeine intake

Question 44

Time Course of Caffeine Withdrawal Symptoms - Phase I

Answer 44

In the first phase (Caffeine), subjects were given 10 capsules/day, each containing 10 mg caffeine, for a total of 100 mg/day.

Question 45

Time Course of Caffeine Withdrawal Symptoms - Phase II

Answer 45

In the second phase (Placebo), the caffeine capsules were replaced with identical-looking placebo capsules; participants were aware of placebo usage but not the time it would be switched.

Question 46

Time Course of Caffeine Withdrawal Symptoms - Final Phase

Answer 46

The final phase (Caffeine) involved reexposure of subjects to 100 mg/day of caffeine.

Question 49

Criteria met by Glutamate to be considered a Neurotransmitter

Answer 49

* It is localized presynaptically in specific neurons where it is stored and released from synaptic vesicles. * It is released by a calcium-dependent mechanism by physiologically relevant stimuli in amount sufficient to elicit postsynaptic response. * A mechanism (reuptake) exits that will rapidly terminate its transmitter action. * It demonstrates pharmacological identity with the naturally occurring transmitter. * Receptors

Question 50

Excitatory Neurotransmitters - Distribution

Answer 50

Just be aware that these excitatory neurotransmitter, especially glutamate, are very widely distributed throughout the brain.