Exam 2 (Pt. 11) Flashcards
Amphetamine (β-phenylisoproplamine) - Adverse Effect
- Dysphoria, insomnia, suicidal tendencies
- irritability, weakness, dizziness,
- tremor, headache, hyperactive reflexes,
- confusion, delirium, panic stress,
Amphetamine Psychosis
- Palpitations, anginal pain, cardiac arrhythmias,
- hypertension, headaches, chills,
- sweating, anorexia, nausea,
- vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea
Amphetamine (β-phenylisoproplamine) - Therapeutic Use
- Weight Control
- Treatment of Narcolepsy
- Paradoxical calming effects in hyperactive children
Children with ADHD - Sign
- Inattentive
- Impulsive
- Hyperkinetic
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder - Subtype
- Inattentive
- Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive
- Combined
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder - Pharmacotherapy
- Dextroamphetamine
- Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
- Pemoline (Cylert) FDA Withdrew in 2005
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder - Mechanism of Drugs
- Enhanced dopaminergic function
- Enhanced noradrenergic function
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder - Concerns of Drugs
- Growth Retardation
- Abuse Potential
Nicotine - General
- Second only to caffeine in use as a CNS stimulant
- Active ingredient in tobacco
- Has no therapeutic use
Nicotine - Mechanism
- Absorbed from oral mucosa, lungs, GI and skin
- Low dose - ganglionic agonist
- High dose - ganglionic blockade
- highly Lipid soluble
- Low dose - arousal, relaxation, improves attention, learning and reaction time
- High doses - depress central respiratory and cardiovascular areas
- Complex peripheral effects and action depends on dose
- Exacerbates peripheral vascular disease and angina
Nicotine - Dependence
- Withdrawal syndrome varies in intensity between individuals
- Onset of syndrome is usually within 24 hours
- Symptoms include irritability, impatience, restlessness, anxiety, headaches, increased appetite, insomnia, difficulty in concentrating.
- There is also a decrease in heart rate, blood pressure and circulating epinephrine.
- Blood flow to the skin increases and thus skin temperature increases.
Nicotine Concentrations in Blood Resulting from Different Nicotine Delivery Systems
Effects of Nicotine - Subjective
Effects of Nicotine - Physiologic Effect
CTZ – chemoreceptor trigger zone (area postrema)
Effects of Nicotine - Withdrawal Syndrome
Nicotine: Stimulant Effect on Heart Rate
The heart rate is stimulated by nicotine in a dose-dependent way. Also, the nicotine effect is stronger after overnight abstinence (color bars) than after the 1-h abstinence between the first and the second cigarettes of the day (gray bars).
Per Capita Cigarette Consumption in the United States From 1900 to 1985
Relationship Between Cigarette Smoking and Death From Lung Cancer
Caffeine - Mechanism
Effects of Caffeine - Subjective
Effects of Caffeine - Physiologic
Effects of Caffeine - Withdrawal Syndrome
Typical Caffeine Content of Common Food Items and Drugs
Cognitive and Psychomotor Performance as a Function of Average Daily Caffeine Consumption - Conclusion
The results indicate a significant relationship between overall daily caffeine intake and improved performance on every task.
Time Course of Caffeine Withdrawal Symptoms - Conclusion
Substitution of placebo for this low dose of caffeine produced a rapid appearance of withdrawal symptoms followed by a gradual return to normalcy over the next several days. *p 0.05 compared to the mean of the initial caffeine period.
Glutamate Synthesis & Inactivation
Structural and Functional Properties of Glutamate Receptors
Schematic Representation of the NMDA Receptor Complex
Diagram The NMDA receptor complex possesses a glutamate recognition site to which receptor agonists and competitive antagonists bind, as well as other binding sites for glycine, polyamines such as spermine and spermidine, phencyclidine (PCP) and related drugs, Mg2+, and Zn2+. Channel opening permits an influx of Na+ and Ca2+ ions, and efflux of K+ ions.
