Exam 2 (Pt. 2) Flashcards
Neuropeptides - Receptor
Neuropeptides almost eclusively act through G-protein coupled receptors.
Neuropeptides - Type
Neuropeptides are mainly neuromodulators.
Neuropeptides - Production
Synthesized from large precursor molecules; Neuropeptides are cleaved from larger precursor peptide molecules
Neuropeptide - Transmission
Tend to utilize volume transmission
Neurotransmitter - Type
- Amino Acids (Type 1)
- Amine & Acetylcholine (Type 2)
- Peptide (Type 3)
- Fourth class recently discovered: fatty associated substances or gases (e.g., NO, CO)
BUT, usually just the first three are considered.
Neurotransmitter - Amount
The amount of amino acid in the brain is about three orders of magnitude greater than a biological amine or acetylcholine, that and in turn, the concentration of a biological amine or acetylcholine in the brain is about three times that of a neuropeptide.
Drug Alteration of Synaptic Tramission
Lateral/Frontal Views of Human (Biped) and Quadraped
Side and frontal views of alligator and human, showing the terms used to denote anatomical directions.
Plane Section of the Human CNS
Planes of section as they pertain to the human central nervous system.
Plane Section of the Rat Brain
Representation of Neurochemical Systems on a Mid Sagittal view of the Rat Brain
Division of the Nervous System - Conceptualization A
One conceptualization of the nervous system (A) is to divide the nervous system into three gross divisions: cranial, spinal, and internal. Each of these divisions can in turn be subdivided into smaller components parts.
Division of the Nervous System - Conceptualization B
In a more traditional division of the nervous system, it is (B) divided into central and peripheral nervous system. Again, each division is subdivided into small components.
Division of the Nervous System - Basis
The diagram in (A) is based on a practical functional distinction, whereas the diagram in (B) is based on a purely anatomical distinction.
Division of the Nervous System - Equivalency
The internal nervous system (A) is equivalent to the autonomic nervous system (B). The peripheral nerves (A) are equivalent to the somatic nervous system (B).
Anatomy of Developing brain - Neural Tube
Anatomy of Developing Brain - 20-day Old Embryo
Anatomy of Developing Brain - Forebrain/Midbrain/Hindbrain
The Brain Ventricular System
- (a) Lateral view of the left side of the brain.
- (b) Frontal view.
- (c) Dorsal view.
- (d) The production, circulation, and reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid.
Sagittal Section of the Mammalian Brain
Major Anatomical Divisions and Subdivisions of the Brain
The Spinal Cord, Spinal Roots and Dermatomes
The spinal cord runs inside the vertebral column.
Part of the internal nervous system (the sympathetic nerve chain) lies outside the spinal column.
The gray matter is made up largely of cell bodies, whereas the white matter is made up of fiber tracts that ascend and descend to and from the brain, respectively
The Spinal Cord, Spinal Roots and Dermatomes - Groupings
Cross Sections of the Spinal Cord
Lateral view of the Human CNS
Midsagittal View of the Human Brain
Lateral View of Brainstem
Ventral View of Brainstem
Dorsal View of Brainstem
Transverse Section through Medulla
Views of the Pons and Cerebellum
The Midbrain - Components
- Cerebellum
- Fourth Ventricle
- Cerebrellar Penducles
- Substantia Nigra
- Cererbral Aqueduct
- Periaqueductal gray matter
The Twelve Pairs of Cranial Nerves and Their Functions
Red lines denote axons that control muscles or glands; blue lines denote sensory axons.
Mnemonic: On Old Olympus Towering Top A Fat Arm German Viewed Some Hops.
Sources of Efferent Cranial Nerves and Terminal Nuclei of Afferent Cranial Nerves
Other Neurotransmitters - Type
Fatty-acids
- Endocannabinoids (anandamide) ==> mood and food intake
Soluble Gas
- Nitric Oxide
- Hydrogen Sulfide
