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Thanatology > Exam 2 (Pt. 3) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Pt. 3) Flashcards

0
Q

Rituals are similar in every society and are as follows…

A

1) religious or other types of ceremonies are enacted
2) Visual contact with deceased is encouraged
3) A procession or family parade occurs allowing public display of grief and accompaniment of deceased to a final resting place
4) gathering of relatives and friends follows the death to provide emotional support for the bereaved (known as social support)
5) Financial expenditures such as flowers or fund contributions that allow bereaved to communicate their sorrow with a measurable means of support
6) body is prepared by sanitary method for permanent placement in the grave

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1
Q

Ceremonies and funeral rituals are important for meeting the _______ & ________ needs of mourners

A

Social & emotional

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2
Q

The vigil, or “wake” was derived from ancient Hebrew practice that serve the functions of

A
  • A precaution against premature burial
  • an act of piety
  • an occasion of prayers for the dead
  • opportunity for those present at death to clear them selves of suspicion of foul play
  • chance for all interested parties to witness weather in equitable distribution of property had been made
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3
Q

According to Ferrel, the new American Funeral Practices changed 4 basic elements:

A
  • treatment of body
  • burial container
  • funeral environment
  • funeral procedures
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4
Q

_______ became preferred standard for preserving the body and improving appearance

A

embalming

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5
Q

The change in burial container

A

Coffins no longer built to conform to the deceased body but designed the standard rectangular shape but to focus away from the individuality of the death

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6
Q

Contemporary American funeral consists of five elements

A

1) visitation of the deceased
2) The rite of passage
3) a funeral procession
4) disposal of the body
5) The commitment to death

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7
Q

Visitation of the deceased

A

Community’s opportunity to express sympathy and support for the bereaved

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8
Q

The rite of passage

A

Ritual to address the needs of the mourners; a religious orientation for about 75% of them

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9
Q

Funeral procession

A

A parade to the cemetery symbolizing the living transporting the deceased to the land of the dead then returning to the land of the living to reestablish themselves without the loved one

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10
Q

Disposal of the body

A

Symbol of the survivors emotional separation from the deceased

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11
Q

The commitment to death

A

Committing the loved ones body to its final resting place

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12
Q

The primary purpose of the funeral

A

Is embedded in the right of passage for both the deceased and the bereaved; also held as an affirmation of the dead person’s life

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13
Q

Psychological benefits of funerals

A

1) impose reality of death upon the bereaved
2) validate & legitimize grievers feelings of loss
3) offer survivors environment conductive to the expression of grief
4) rekindle memories of deceased
5) initiate thoughts about life without the deceased
6) allow opportunity for input from the community
7) contain many of the elements that constitute psychological therapy

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14
Q

Social benefits of funerals

A

1) allow community-wide support for mourners
2) provide social interaction through meaningful structured activities
3) assist the bereaved in initiating the process of social reintegration
4) assist the community and grieving the loss of one of its members
5) validate continuity of life
6) reminder that everyone will die someday and participation in funerary rituals repeatedly confirms one’s future mortality
7) serves as a channel through which the community communicates it’s belief system regarding life and death

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15
Q

Grave goods

A

Artifacts associated with the loved one and included in the casket or grave

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16
Q

Psychological benefits of grave goods

A
  • a way of either connecting or disconnecting with the deceased
  • indicates intensity of feeling about particular object and the relationship it represents the deceased
  • A source of comfort or satisfaction to the mourner
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17
Q

Elliotts survey regarding grave goods is important for both funeral directors and clergy to understand…

A
  • The inclusion of grave goods as a last act of love
  • helps bring closure to relationship for other grievers
  • might help them feel close to their loved one in a manner that promotes healthy morning
  • provide a useful way to say goodbye
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18
Q

common traditional characteristics for American funerals today

A
  • typically held in the presence of the body
  • involve a visitation period &/or a wake
  • takes place over a proximately three day period
  • A procession to a committal service at the chapel or gravesite followed by final procession away from the location where disposition of the body has taken place
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19
Q

Cremation

A

Burning of a body

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20
Q

Other methods of handling remains

A

1) Inurnment
2) The urn can be maintained privately, buried, or placed any type of mausoleum called a columbarium
3) ashes maybe strewn or scattered at a location meaningful or appropriate to the deceased or the survivors

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21
Q

Inurnment

A

Ashes are placed in a container made of metal or stone

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22
Q

Pros of cremation

A
  • assists and recognizing finality of death
  • Quick clean and inexpensive
  • contains important element of “naturalness”
23
Q

Cons of cremation

A
  • can allow quick avenue to “escape” grief and try to ignore the real need to mourn
  • might provide angry mourner a way to “act out” at the deceased
  • might be chosen in direct opposition to wishes of deceased
24
Q

A service that the deceased has planned in advance by him or herself

A

Can include pre-selected readings, music, and even decisions regarding the people who will perform these activities

25
Q

Multiple services

A

When the deceased has ties or history in more than one location more than one gathering in more than one place might be necessary

26
Q

Five of the 20 suggestions for funeral directors

A

1) . Make funeral as meaningful and personal as possible
2) ask grievers how they want decease to be remembered
3) explain their options
4) invite bereaved to ask questions
5) respect any choice made by the bereaved

27
Q

Todd Van Beck states that the funeral does at lease four specific things that are available to everyone

A

1) provides acting out ceremonies that give expression to feelings too deep to be put into words
2) it provides the framework for group support
3) encourages expression of feelings
4) provides values to live by

28
Q

The American Board of Funeral Service Education summarizes the purpose and value of the funeral ritual:

A
  • provides an opportunity to receive and express love
  • shows respect to the deceased’s family and friends
  • provides face-to-face confirmation with death which confirms it’s reality
  • provides opportunity for farewell through ritual
29
Q

Parkes defines 4 phases of mourning:

A

1) numbness
2) yearning
3) disorganization and despair
4) reorganized behavior

30
Q

Sanders’ idea of phases to describe the mourning process:

A

1) shock
2) awareness
3) conservation withdrawal
4) healing
5) renewal

31
Q

Mourning tasks

A

The concept implies that mourner needs to take action and can do something; also that morning can be influenced by intervention from the outside

32
Q

According to Stroebe, grief is..

A

A cognitive process involving confirmation with, and restructuring of thoughts about the deceased, the loss experienced, and the changed world with in which the breveaved must now live

33
Q

William Worden’s 4 Tasks of Mourning

A

Task I: Accept Reality of the Loss
Task II: Process the Pain of Grief
Task III: Adjust to a World w/out the Deceased
Task IV: Find an Enduring Connection with the Deceased in the Midst of Embarking on a New Life.

34
Q

The opposite of accepting the reality of loss is not believing through a type of

A

denial

35
Q

Denial most often involves either ______ about the loss, _____ of the loss or ______ of the loss

A

facts, meaning, or irreversibility

36
Q

Selective forgetting

A

blocking out all reality of loved one, like facial images

37
Q

middle knowledge

A

both knowing and not knowing at the same time

38
Q

Negation of Task II ( process the pain of grief) results in not feeling, most common ways people do this are..

A
  • cut off their feelings and deny the pain is present
  • avoid painful thoughts
  • find a geographic cure
  • euphoric response, normally associated with emphatic refusal to believe the death has occured
39
Q

3 areas of adjustment that need to be addressed after the loss of a loved one

A
  • External Adjustments
  • Internal Adustments
  • Spiritual Adjustments
40
Q

External Adjustments

A

adjusting to a new environment w/out the deceased; meaning making

41
Q

meaning making

A

An important process for the grieving deaths that tend to challenge believes about oneself, others & the world

42
Q

Internal Adjustments

A

adjusting to own sense of self, how death affects self definition, self esteem, and sense of self efficacy

43
Q

self efficacy

A

The degree to which people feel that they have some control over what happens to them

44
Q

Attig

A

Emphasize the need to relearn the world after death and focus is especially on the impact of a death on one’s sense of self

45
Q

Spiritual Adjustments

A

One’s sense of the world

46
Q

Janoff-Bulman identifies 3 basic assumptions that are often challenged by the death of a loved one

A
  • the world is a benevolent place
  • that the world makes sense
  • that the person–him or herself is worthy
47
Q

Arresting of task III results in

A

failure to adapt to the loss

48
Q

“Mourning ends when the mourner no longer has a need to reactivate the representation of the dead with exaggerated intensity in the course of daily living”

A

Volkan

49
Q

non completion of task IV results in

A

not living; one’s life has stopped w/ the dead & has not resumed.

50
Q

For many people task __ is the most difficult to accomplish

A

IV

51
Q

Dual-Process Model of Grieving

A

Developed by Stroebe & Schut, created to “better account for diversity of stressful experiences in bereavement “
Identifies loss-oriented stressors and restoration oriented stressors

52
Q

Loss oriented stressors

A

Focus on the deceased person and involve grief work on such issues as separation distress, appraisal of the meaning of the loss, & relocation of deceased in a world without the deceased’s presence

53
Q

Restoration Orrington stressors

A

Involve skill mastery, identity change, and other psychological transitions and changes. Includes rebuilding of shattered assumptions of the self in the world.

54
Q

Loss-oriented stressors include tasks..

A

1, 2, 4

55
Q

Restoration-oriented stressors include task

A

3

Thanatology (17 decks)

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