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Thanatology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

0
Q

acculturative stress

A

stress that results from the pressure of adapting to a new culture

(Discovering Psychology Ch. 12)

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1
Q

burnout

A

unhealthy condition caused by chronic, prolonged work stress that is characterized by exhaustion, cynicism, and a sense of failure or inadequacy.

(Discovering Psychology Ch. 12)

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2
Q

fight-or-flight response

A

rapidly occurring chain of internal physical reactions that prepare people either to fight or take flight from an immediate threat.

(Discovering Psychology Ch. 12)

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3
Q

catecholamines

A

hormones secreted by adrenal medulla that cause rapid physiological arousal, including adrenaline and noradrenaline.

(Discovering Psychology Ch. 12)

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4
Q

corticosteroids

A

hormones released by the adrenal cortex that play key role in the body’s response to long-term stressors

(Discovering Psychology Ch. 12)

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5
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A

Selye’s term for the three stage progression of physical changes that occur when an organism is exposed to intense and prolonged stress. Three stages are alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

(Discovering Psychology Ch. 12)

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6
Q

telomeres

A

repeated, duplicate DNA sequences that are found at the very tips of chromosomes that protect the chromosomes’ genetic data during cell division.

(Discovering Psychology Ch. 12)

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7
Q

immune system

A

body system that produces specialized white blood cells that protect the body from viruses, bacteria, and tumor cells

(Discovering Psychology Ch. 12)

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8
Q

lymphocytes

A

specialized white blood cells that are responsible for immune defenses

(Discovering Psychology Ch. 12)

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9
Q

psychoneuroimmunology

A

interdisciplinary field that studies the interconnections among psychological processes, nervous, and endocrine system.

(Discovering Psychology Ch. 12)

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10
Q

optimistic explanatory style

A

Accounting for negative events or situations with external, unstable, and specific explainations.

(Discovering Psychology Ch. 12)

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11
Q

pessimistic explanatory style

A

Accounting for negative events or situations with internal, stable, and global explanations

(Discovering Psychology Ch. 12)

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12
Q

Type A Behavior Pattern

A

behavioral and emotional style characterized by a sense of time urgency, hostility, and competitiveness.

(Discovering Psychology Ch. 12)

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13
Q

social support

A

resources provided by other people in times of need.

Discovering Psychology Ch. 12

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14
Q

coping

A

behavioral and cognitive responses used to deal with stressors; involves our efforts to change circumstances, or our interpretations of circumstaces, to make them more favorable and less threatening.

(Discovering Psychology Ch. 12)

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15
Q

problem-focused coping

A

Coping efforts primarily aimed at directly changing or managing a threatening or harmful situation.

(Discovering Psychology Ch. 12)

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16
Q

emotion-focused coping

A

coping efforts primarily aimed at relieving or regulating the emotional impact of a stressful situation.

(Discovering Psychology Ch. 12)

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17
Q

Potential reactions of the death of a parent

A
  • higher tendency toward suicide
  • Increased rates of suicide attempts
  • Higher rates of clinical depression

(Psychosocial Aspects of Death & Dying Ch.5)

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18
Q

opportunities offered by support groups for people who lost spouses

A
  • similar goals of sharing
  • cognitive/informal goals of learning
  • modeling upon those who have had similar experiences
  • Emotional support
  • A safe environment in which to express feelings
  • Linkages with others
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19
Q

service guilt

A

in the event of a child’s death, the feeling of the parent that they should have died first.

(Psychosocial Aspects of Death & Dying Ch.5)

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20
Q

When a parent loses an adult child, there are three additional factors that can affect the grieving process

A

1) Nature of death–sudden or anticipated
2) Gender and age of parents and child
3) Aspects of the parent-adult child relationship

(Psychosocial Aspects of Death & Dying Ch.5)

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21
Q

Some reasons why society responds differently to death than surviving families do

A

1) the culture of individualism
2) The loss of looser social networks precipitated by the focus on close, nuclear families
3) Weakening of rituals

(Psychosocial Aspects of Death & Dying Ch.5)

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22
Q

Direct Implications for the environment, attitudes, and behaviors funeral professionals should strive to employ in their dealings with the newly bereaved..

A
  • should recognize that society’s perception of a death may not always “track” with the individual’s response to it.
  • should be sensitive to any conflict mourners have between what is generally expected of them and what they actually feel.
  • Availability at the funeral home of a variety of resources for all types of losses
  • A small library of books at funeral home dealing with death, dying, grief, and bereavement
  • always keep in mind that some individuals may have no previous experience with a death so close to them–if they have any at all.

(Psychosocial Aspects of Death & Dying Ch.5)

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23
Q

The different determinants of grief…

A

1) Normal Coping Behavior
2) Number of previous losses and deaths
3) Grief overload
4) Concurrent Stressors
5) Expectations of Local, Cultural, and Religious Groups
6) Available Support network
7) Gender Conditioning
8) Physical & Mental Health
9) Pre-Death Adjustment time
10) Unfinished business with Deceased
11) Secondary Losses
12) Importance of the Relationship
13) Age of the Deceased
14) Fulfillment of Dreams

(Funeral Service Psychology & Counseling Ch.6)

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24
Q

Along with normal reactions to death, people who have experienced a violent or unexpected death, also experience feelings of ________, ________, __________, & ________.

A

senselessness, fear, powerlessness, & unreality

Funeral Service Psychology & Counseling Ch.6

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25
Q

In reality, the survivors of tragic death are probably those who….

A

need to view the body more than if the death was due to a lingering illness.

(Funeral Service Psychology & Counseling Ch.6)

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26
Q

_________ are the 4th leading cause of death in the United States for people between the ages of 15-24

A

Accidents

Funeral Service Psychology & Counseling Ch.6

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27
Q

One of the most common causes of death by accident worldwide is…

A

motor vehicle accidents

Funeral Service Psychology & Counseling Ch.6

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28
Q

An immediate problem with motor vehicle accidents may be…

A

identification of the body

Funeral Service Psychology & Counseling Ch.6

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29
Q

homicide

A

the killing of one human being by another.

Funeral Service Psychology & Counseling Ch.6

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30
Q

possibly the most difficult unexpected death to cope with is that from…

A

homicide

Funeral Service Psychology & Counseling Ch.6

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31
Q

The author of this book believes that homicide is the most difficult type of death to recover from because recovery doesn’t seem to even start until a number of events take place….

A

1) The murderer must be caught
2) If murderer is apprehended and is let out on bail, survivors usually do not feel it is justified.
3) Trial date can be months or years away
4) If murderer is not found guilty, survivors may never get the justice they are seeking
5) If murderer is found guilty, survivors seldom feel the sentence is severe enough
6) When murderer is eligible for parole, some survivors make it their mission to do everything possible to get the parole denied.
7) Even when murderer is sentenced to death & execution is carried out, often there is not the closure that people are hoping for.

(Funeral Service Psychology & Counseling Ch.6)

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32
Q

Suicide

A

deliberate act of killing oneself

Funeral Service Psychology & Counseling Ch.6

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33
Q

Walter Cannon

A

American psychologist who was first to describe fight-or-flight response.

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34
Q

Hans Selye

A

Canadian endocrinologist who studied the physical effects of exposure to prolonged stress, and discovered general adaptation syndrome

35
Q

Three stages of general adaptation syndrome

A
  • Alarm stage
  • Resistance Stage
  • Exhaustion Stage
36
Q

Painful problem solving

A

efforts to rationally analyze situation, identify potential solutions, and then implement them.

37
Q

confrontive coping

A

when people use aggressive or risky efforts to change the situation

38
Q

escape-avoidance

A

basic goal is to escape or avoid the stressor and neutralize distressing emotions

39
Q

maladaptive escape-avoidance behaviors

A
  • excessive sleeping
  • use of drugs or alcohol
  • escaping into fantasy or wishful thinking
40
Q

constructive escape-avoidance strategies

A
  • exercising

- immersing yourself in studies, hobbies, or work

41
Q

seeking social support

A

coping strategy that involves turning to friends, relatives, or other people for emotional, tangible, or informational support

42
Q

distancing

A

when you acknowledge the stressor but attempt to minimize or eliminate its emotional impact.

43
Q

denial

A

refusal to acknowledge that the problem even exists

44
Q

positive reappraisal

A

perhaps the most constructive emotion-focused coping strategy. trying to minimize negative emotional aspects of the situation & create positive meaning.

45
Q

Positive religious coping

A

seeking comfort or reassurance in prayer, religious community, or believing that your personal experience is spiritually meaningful.

46
Q

Negative Religious Coping

A

individuals become angry, question religious beliefs, or believe they are being punished.

47
Q

individualistic cultures

A

less likely to seek social support in stressful situations. tend to emphasize personal autonomy and personal responsibility in dealing with problems. favor problem-focused strategies.

48
Q

collectivistic cultures

A

more oriented toward their social group, family, or community toward seeking help with their problems. greater emphasis on controlling personal reactions to stressful situations rather than trying to control the situation itself

49
Q

________ is associated with lower socioeconomic status

A

chronic stress

50
Q

microaggressions

A

subtle instances of racism; for exampe, 3/4 African American adolescents report being treated as incompetent, dangerous–or both, because of their race.

51
Q

When people encounter a new cultural environment, they are faced w/ 2 questions:

A

1) should I seek positive relations w/ the dominant society?

2) Is my original cultural identity of value to me & should I try to maintain it?

52
Q

4 possible patterns of acculturation

A

1) intgration
2) assimilation
3) separation
4) marginalization

53
Q

Integrated Individual

A

continue to value their own original culture but also seek to become apart of the dominant society–Biculturalism–> higher self-esteem–> lower depression

54
Q

Assimilated Individual

A

give up their old cultural identities & try to become apart of the new society—>moderate stress level

55
Q

Separation Individual

A

Maintain cultural identity & avoid contact w/ new culture–> high stress

56
Q

Marginalized Individual

A

Lacks cultural & psychological contact w/ both their traditional cultural group & the culture of their new society—>greatest degree of stress

57
Q

burnout is least likely to occur when their is a sense of _________ in the work place

A

community

58
Q

work place conditions that commonly produce burnout

A
  • work overload

- lack of control

59
Q

Males are more likely to feel hassled by

A

school or work-related stressors

60
Q

women are more likely to report stress associated with

A

friends and family

61
Q

_________ conflict is the most common source of stress for both men and women

A

Interpersonal

62
Q

Acculturative Daily Hassles for Children

A
  • “It bothers me when people force me to be like everyone else.”
  • “Because of the group I’m in, I don’t get the grades I deserve.”
  • “I don’t feel at home here in the United States.”
  • “I think a lot about my group & its culture.”
63
Q

College Daily Hassles

A
  • Increased class work load
  • wasting time
  • concerns about money
  • concerns about failing
  • fight w/ girlfriend/boyfriend.
64
Q

Daily Hassles Scale

A
  • concern about weight
  • concern about health of family member
  • too many interruptions
  • traffic
  • misplacing or losing things
65
Q

Daily Hassles

A

everyday occurrences that annoy & upset people

66
Q

Resilience

A

the ability to cope w/ stress & adversity. To adapt to negative or unforeseen circumstances & to rebound after negative experiences.

67
Q

cumulative adversity

A

total amount of negative events experienced over a lifetime

68
Q

__% of those who experience major disasters develop PTSD

A

30

69
Q

PTSD

A

disorder that involves intrusive thoughts of the traumatic event, emotional numbness, & symptoms of anxiety.

70
Q

__% of college students reported having been exposed to a traumatic event during their lifetime

A

85

71
Q

most common traumatic events experienced

A
  • unexpected death of a loved one
  • sexual assult
  • family violence
72
Q

Traumatic Events

A

events or situations that are negative, severe & far beyond our normal expectations for every day life events.

73
Q

In an attempt to measure the amount of stress people experience, this was developed..

A

Social Readjustment Rating Scale

74
Q

Stressors

A

events or situations that are perceived as harmful, threatening, or challenging

75
Q

biopsychosocial model

A

belief that physical health & illness are determined by complex interactions of biological, psychological, & social factors

76
Q

Health psychologists are guided by the ….

A

biopsychosocial model

77
Q

the relationship between ____ &____ is a key element in health psychology

A

mind & body

78
Q

health psychology

A

branch of psychology that studies ow biological, behavioral, & social factors influence health, illness, medical treatment, & health-related behaviors

79
Q

According to _____ ______, events are not stressful in and of themselves, instead, the experience of stress is determined by your subjective response to external events or circumstances

A

Richard Lazarus

80
Q

Richard Lazarus

A

developed cognitive appraisal model

81
Q

cognitive appraisal model

A

states whether we experience stress depends largely on our cognitive appraisal of an event & the resources we have to deal with the event.

82
Q

stress

A

negative emotional state occurring in response to events that are perceived as taxing or exceeding a person’s resources or ability to cope.

83
Q

The American National Character: Family Structure

A

United States is a country where majority of people are living in nuclear family structure w/in guidelines of modified extended family system.

84
Q

Three problems with the social readjustment rating scale

A

1) . The link between scores on the SRRS and the development of physical and psychological problems is relatively weak
2) it assumes that a given life event will have the same impact on virtually everyone
3) Life events approach assumes that change in itself whether good or bad produces stress, when researchers have found that negative life events have a more adverse effect on health than positive events

85
Q

Work overload

A

When the demands of the job exceed the workers ability to meet them

Thanatology (17 decks)

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