Exam 2: Muscular System Study Guide

Question 1

Name the muscle type, and is it voluntary or involuntary?
Location: walls of the heart
Characteristics: branching, striated cells connected by intercalated discs;
1-2 nuclei per cell

Answer 1

Cardiac
involuntary

Question 2

Name the muscle type, and is it voluntary or involuntary?
Location: digestive, urinary systems, respiratory, arrector pili
Characteristics: spindle-shaped cells; one nucleus per cell (looks like an eye)

Answer 2

Smooth
involuntary

Question 3

Name the muscle type, and is it voluntary or involuntary?
Location: attached to bones
Characteristics: striated cells the length of the muscle; many nuclei

Answer 3

Skeletal
voluntary

Question 4

Name the structure/molecule:

Anatomy:the synaptic end bulb of a motor neuron, the synaptic cleft, and the motor end plate of a muscle cell

Physiology: location where a neuron communicates with a muscle cell

Answer 4

Neuromuscular Junction

Question 5

Name the structure/molecule:

Anatomy: end of the axon

Physiology: contains vesicles filled with the neurotransmitter acetylcholine; calcium ions that enter allow exocytosis of acetylcholine

Answer 5

Synaptic End bulb

Question 6

Name the structure/molecule:

Anatomy: the space between the synaptic end bulb and motor end plate

Physiology: acetylcholine diffuse to the muscle cell

Answer 6

Synaptic Cleft

Question 7

Name the structure/molecule:

Anatomy: part of the muscle cell’s plasma membrane that contains acetylcholine receptors

Physiology: acetylcholine bind their receptors, which allows sodium ions to enter the muscle cell and electrical messages (action potentials) to be generated

Answer 7

Motor End plate

Question 8

Name the structure/molecule:

Anatomy: the muscle cell’s plasma membrane

Physiology: action potentials travel along the __ to the t-tubules

Answer 8

Sarcolemma

Question 9

Name the structure/molecule:

Anatomy: part of the muscle cell’s plasma membrane that extends into the muscle cell

Physiology: action potentials travel along the ___ to the terminal cisternae and sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 9

T-tubule

Question 10

Name the structure/molecule:

Anatomy: the enlarged parts of the sarcoplasmic reticulum by the t-tubules

Physiology: release calcium ions when electrical messages are received

Answer 10

Terminal cisternae

Question 11

Name the structure/molecule:

Anatomy: specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Physiology: releases calcium ions when electrical message are received

Answer 11

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 12

Name the structure/molecule:

Anatomy: ions with a positive charge

Physiology: binds troponin, which causes tropomyosin to move off actin’s myosin binding sites

Answer 12

Calcium

Question 13

Name the structure/molecule:

Anatomy: organelle

Physiology: produce ATP using glucose and oxygen

Answer 13

Mitochondria

Question 14

Depletion of ATP can cause muscle fatigue, because 1) ATP hydrolysis provides the energy needed for the ___ and 2) ATP is needed to break the ___ between myosin and actin.

Answer 14

power stroke

cross-bridges

Question 15

Creatine phosphate pathway is ___ as ___ is produced

Answer 15

anaerobic

1 ATP

Question 16

Fermentation is ___ as ___ are produced

Answer 16

anaerobic

2 ATP and lactate

Question 17

Cellular Respiration is ___ as ___ are produced

Answer 17

36 ATP and carbon dioxide

aerobic

Question 18

Which type of fiber?
- provide short bursts of energy; rely on anaerobic pathways for ATP production, which can result in fatigue faster
- sprinting and weightlifting
- light color

Answer 18

Slow twitch

Question 19

Which type of fiber?
- provide ATP energy via cellular respiration, so highly resistant to fatigue
- long-distance running, biking, jogging, and swimming
- dark color

Answer 19

Fast twitch

Question 20

Name the condition:
sudden involuntary muscle contractions

Answer 20

Spasms

Question 21

Name the condition:
strong painful spasms

Answer 21

Cramp

Question 22

Name the condition:
spasms in the face

Answer 22

Facial Tics

Question 23

Name the condition:
when a muscle or its tendon is overly stretched or tears

Answer 23

Strain

Question 24

Name the condition:
when a ligament is overly stretched or tears

Answer 24

Sprain

Question 25

Name the condition:
inflammation of a tendon

Answer 25

Tendinitis

Question 26

Name the condition:
the patient lacks the protein dystrophin, which causes the calcium to leak from the muscle cells and the activation of an enzyme that destroys muscle cells

Answer 26

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Question 27

Name the condition:
autoimmune disease characterized by weakness in the muscles of the eyelids, face, neck, and extremities due to antibodies blocking the acetylcholine receptors

Answer 27

Myasthenia gravis (MS)