Exam 2: Muscular System Study Guide Flashcards
Name the muscle type, and is it voluntary or involuntary?
Location: walls of the heart
Characteristics: branching, striated cells connected by intercalated discs;
1-2 nuclei per cell
Cardiac
involuntary
Name the muscle type, and is it voluntary or involuntary?
Location: digestive, urinary systems, respiratory, arrector pili
Characteristics: spindle-shaped cells; one nucleus per cell (looks like an eye)
Smooth
involuntary
Name the muscle type, and is it voluntary or involuntary?
Location: attached to bones
Characteristics: striated cells the length of the muscle; many nuclei
Skeletal
voluntary
Name the structure/molecule:
Anatomy:the synaptic end bulb of a motor neuron, the synaptic cleft, and the motor end plate of a muscle cell
Physiology: location where a neuron communicates with a muscle cell
Neuromuscular Junction
Name the structure/molecule:
Anatomy: end of the axon
Physiology: contains vesicles filled with the neurotransmitter acetylcholine; calcium ions that enter allow exocytosis of acetylcholine
Synaptic End bulb
Name the structure/molecule:
Anatomy: the space between the synaptic end bulb and motor end plate
Physiology: acetylcholine diffuse to the muscle cell
Synaptic Cleft
Name the structure/molecule:
Anatomy: part of the muscle cell’s plasma membrane that contains acetylcholine receptors
Physiology: acetylcholine bind their receptors, which allows sodium ions to enter the muscle cell and electrical messages (action potentials) to be generated
Motor End plate
Name the structure/molecule:
Anatomy: the muscle cell’s plasma membrane
Physiology: action potentials travel along the __ to the t-tubules
Sarcolemma
Name the structure/molecule:
Anatomy: part of the muscle cell’s plasma membrane that extends into the muscle cell
Physiology: action potentials travel along the ___ to the terminal cisternae and sarcoplasmic reticulum
T-tubule
Name the structure/molecule:
Anatomy: the enlarged parts of the sarcoplasmic reticulum by the t-tubules
Physiology: release calcium ions when electrical messages are received
Terminal cisternae
Name the structure/molecule:
Anatomy: specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Physiology: releases calcium ions when electrical message are received
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Name the structure/molecule:
Anatomy: ions with a positive charge
Physiology: binds troponin, which causes tropomyosin to move off actin’s myosin binding sites
Calcium
Name the structure/molecule:
Anatomy: organelle
Physiology: produce ATP using glucose and oxygen
Mitochondria
Depletion of ATP can cause muscle fatigue, because 1) ATP hydrolysis provides the energy needed for the ___ and 2) ATP is needed to break the ___ between myosin and actin.
power stroke
cross-bridges
Creatine phosphate pathway is ___ as ___ is produced
anaerobic
1 ATP
Fermentation is ___ as ___ are produced
anaerobic
2 ATP and lactate
Cellular Respiration is ___ as ___ are produced
36 ATP and carbon dioxide
aerobic
Which type of fiber?
- provide short bursts of energy; rely on anaerobic pathways for ATP production, which can result in fatigue faster
- sprinting and weightlifting
- light color
Slow twitch
Which type of fiber?
- provide ATP energy via cellular respiration, so highly resistant to fatigue
- long-distance running, biking, jogging, and swimming
- dark color
Fast twitch
Name the condition:
sudden involuntary muscle contractions
Spasms
Name the condition:
strong painful spasms
Cramp
Name the condition:
spasms in the face
Facial Tics
Name the condition:
when a muscle or its tendon is overly stretched or tears
Strain
Name the condition:
when a ligament is overly stretched or tears
Sprain
Name the condition:
inflammation of a tendon
Tendinitis
Name the condition:
the patient lacks the protein dystrophin, which causes the calcium to leak from the muscle cells and the activation of an enzyme that destroys muscle cells
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Name the condition:
autoimmune disease characterized by weakness in the muscles of the eyelids, face, neck, and extremities due to antibodies blocking the acetylcholine receptors
Myasthenia gravis (MS)
