Digestive System Study Guide

Question 1

Hard outer protective layer of the teeth

Answer 1

Enamel

Question 2

Bone-like material that surrounds the pulp

Answer 2

Dentin

Question 3

Houses the nerves and blood vessels of teeth

Answer 3

Pulp

Question 4

Anchor the teeth to the jawbone

Answer 4

Periodontal membranes

Question 5

Taste food; aids in the mechanical digestion of food; pushes bolus to pharynx

Answer 5

Tongue: Taste buds

Question 6

Closes off nasopharynx when swallowing

Answer 6

Soft palate

Question 7

Covers glottis during swallowing to prevent choking

Answer 7

Epiglottis

Question 8

Space for the food bolus to travel through

Answer 8

Lumen

Question 9

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium provides a protective lining

Answer 9

Mucosa

Question 10

Contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and glands; the glands secrete mucus into the lumen to aid in the transport of food

Answer 10

submucosa

Question 11

Moves the food via peristalsis

Answer 11

Muscularis
(two layers of smooth muscle)

Question 12

Relaxes to allow the bolus into the stomach and then contracts to close; prevents acid from entering the esophagus

Answer 12

Lower esophageal sphincter

Question 13

Produces gastric juice composed of pepsinogen and hydrochloric acid (pH 2; kills bacteria and converts pepsinogen to pepsin); the semiliquid food is now called chyme

Answer 13

Mucosa
(gastric pits)

Question 14

Mechanical digestion of food via peristalsis

Answer 14

Muscularis
(three layers of smooth muscle)

Question 15

Controls the movement of chyme into the small intestine

Answer 15

Pyloric Sphincter

Question 16

Produces brush border enzymes (e.g., maltase, sucrase, lactase, peptidases, and lipases) for chemical digestion of the chyme; absorbs nutrients; goblet cells produce mucus

Answer 16

Mucosa
(simple columnar epithelium forms folds called villi; cells contain microvilli)

Question 17

Absorbs and transports chylomicrons (contains fat in the form of triglycerides)

Answer 17

Villus

Question 18

Absorb and transport glucose and amino acids

Answer 18

Villus: Blood capillaries

Question 19

Receives bile from liver and gallbladder and pancreatic juice from pancreas for chemical digestion of the chyme; absorbs nutrients

Answer 19

Duodenum
(the first part of the small intestine)

Question 20

Produce bile that contains bile salts, bicarbonate ions (neutralizes the acidic chyme), and bilirubin (makes bile green)

Answer 20

Liver

Question 21

Collects the bile produced by the hepatocytes

Answer 21

Bile canaliculi

Question 22

Collects the bile from the bile canaliculi

Answer 22

bile duct

Question 23

Brings oxygenated blood to the liver

Answer 23

Hepatic artery

Question 24

Transports nutrient-rich blood from the GI tract to the liver

Answer 24

Hepatic portal vein

Question 25

Stores bile produced by the liver; releases stored bile into the common bile duct

Answer 25

Gallbladder

Question 26

Secretes pancreatic juice (bicarbonate ions (neutralize the acidic chyme) and digestive enzymes (e.g., pancreatic amylase, trypsin, and lipase)) into the small intestine via the pancreatic duct; secretes insulin into the bloodstream so cells can utilize glucose

Answer 26

Pancreas

Question 27

Receives contents from the small intestine; has a projection called the appendix

Answer 27

cecum

Question 28

Absorbs vitamins, such as B vitamins and vitamin K, produced by the intestinal flora; absorbs water

Answer 28

Colon
(ascending, transverse, descending)

Question 29

Stretching of the rectal wall initiates nerve impulses to the spinal cord, which results in the rectal muscles contracting for defection

Answer 29

Rectum

Question 30

Stool/feces/poop exits; the external anal sphincter is made of skeletal muscle so we can control defecation

Answer 30

anus

Question 31

What enzymes are needed to break down carbs?

Answer 31

amylase
maltase
lactase

Question 32

What enzymes are needed to break down proteins?

Answer 32

pepsin
trypsin
peptidase

Question 33

What enzymes are needed to break down fats?

Answer 33

bile salts
lipase

Question 34

What horomone does this describe?
when chyme enters the duodenum, the duodenum secretes this to stimulate the liver to produce bile and the pancreas to produce pancreatic juice; the bicarbonate ions neutralize the acidic chyme

Answer 34

Secretin

Question 35

What horomone does this describe?
secreted by the stomach in response to a meal rich in protein, which causes the stomach to produce more gastric juice (contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin)

Answer 35

Gastrin

Question 36

What horomone does this describe?
a meal rich in proteins and fats stimulates the duodenum to secrete this, which causes the liver to increase bile production, the gallbladder to contract and release stored bile, and the pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice

Answer 36

CCK

Question 37

needed for nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and blood clotting

Answer 37

Calcium

Question 38

converted to calcitriol to promote the absorption of calcium by the intestines; helps prevent osteoporosis and rickets

Answer 38

Vitamin D

Question 39

necessary for blood volume, nerve impulses, and muscle contraction; too much can cause or worsen hypertension

Answer 39

Sodium

Question 40

allows erythrocytes to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide; deficiency can result in anemia

Answer 40

Iron

Question 41

is required for making collagen; prevents scurvy

Answer 41

Vitamin C

Question 42

greatly decreases the risk of having a baby with spina bifida if taken by the mother before and during pregnancy

Answer 42

Folate (Vit. B9)