Cardiovascular System Study Guide

Question 1

55% of the blood; composed of water, proteins, solutes (e.g., Na+)

Answer 1

Plasma

Question 2

allows interstitial fluid (water) to return to the capillaries

Answer 2

Albumin

Question 3

antibodies (immunoglobulins) bind antigens to fight pathogens

Answer 3

Globulins

Question 4

becomes fibrin threads to trap RBCs and form blood clots

Answer 4

Fibrinogen

Question 5

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide; called erythrocytes

Answer 5

Red blood cells

Question 6

fight infections; called leukocytes

Answer 6

White blood cells

Question 7

help form blood clots when activated; pieces of megakaryocytes

Answer 7

Platelets

Question 8

Step 1 of the blood clotting process

Answer 8

A blood vessel is injured.

Question 9

Step 2 of the blood clotting process

Answer 9

The platelets are activated and form a plug.

Question 10

Step 3 of the blood clotting process

Answer 10

The platelets release prothrombin, and fibrinogen becomes fibrin threads.

Question 11

Step 4 of the blood clotting process

Answer 11

The fibrin threads capture red blood cells and form a blood clot.

Question 12

Red blood cells contain many ___ molecules.

Answer 12

hemoglobin

Question 13

Each hemoglobin contains four ___-containing heme groups, which allows the hemoglobin to bind up to four O2 or CO2.

Answer 13

iron-containing

Question 14

In response to low blood Oxygen levels, the kidney produces ___ which causes
red blood cells (erythrocytes) to be made in the red bone marrow via ___ .

Answer 14

erythropoietin
erythropoiesis

Question 15

If a person has A+ blood type, they produce:
Antibodies:
Antigens:

Answer 15

Antigens: A, Rh
Antibodies: B

Question 16

The antibodies a person produces are dictated by the ____________

Answer 16

antigens they don’t produce

Question 17

What type of blood can every person recieve?

Answer 17

their own blood type

Question 18

___ blood pressure is the maximum blood pressure in the arteries after ventricular contraction.

Answer 18

Systolic

Question 19

___ blood pressure is the minimum blood pressure in the arteries when the chambers of the heart are relaxed.

Answer 19

Diastolic

Question 20

___ have a thick layer of smooth muscle to resist blood pressure caused by the heart pumping the blood (usually oxygen-rich blood)

Answer 20

Arteries

Question 21

___ have a thinner layer of smooth muscle to be able to expand with blood (usually oxygen-poor blood) and contain ___ that help the blood get returned to the heart.

Answer 21

Veins, valves

Question 22

___ only contain a wall of ___ squamous epithelium, which allows diffusion of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients.

Answer 22

Capillaries, simple

Question 23

Both ___ and ___ are composed of three layers (loose fibrous connective tissue, smooth muscle, and simple squamous epithelium).

Answer 23

arteries, veins

Question 24

The ___ system “disinfects” excess fluid from the tissues before returning the fluid to the cardiovascular system via the right and left ___ veins.

Answer 24

lymphatic, subclavian

Question 25

___ are the cells that make up the myocardium (the cardiac muscle layer of the heart).

Answer 25

Cardiomyocytes

Question 26

provides blood to the right arm and right side of the head

Answer 26

brachiocephalic artery

Question 27

provides blood to the left side of the head

Answer 27

left common (carotid)

Question 28

provides blood to the left arm

Answer 28

left subclavian

Question 29

provides blood to the chest and spinal cord

Answer 29

thoracic or descending aorta

Question 30

provides blood to the abdomen and branches into arteries that provide blood to the pelvis and legs

Answer 30

abdominal aorta