Exam 1: Cells Flashcards
contains the DNA (like a cookbook; the recipes are the genes) and
RNA (the copied recipe)
Nucleus
makes proteins (like a chef makes a cake)
Ribosomes
contains ribosomes and is involved in protein folding and transport
Rough ER
vesicle that transports things from the ER to the Golgi
Transport Vesicle
processes, packages, and sends out cell products
Golgi
vesicle that transports things from the Golgi to the plasma membrane
Golgi Apparatus
the outer surface of the cell that regulates the entrance and exit of things
Plasma Membrane
vesicle that transports things from outside the cell to inside the cell
Incoming Vesicle
vesicle that digests macromolecules and bacteria
Lysosome
breaks down alcohol, amino acids, fatty acids, and uric acid; contains catalase that breaks down hydrogen peroxide
Peroxisome
provides structure, movement, and strength; microtubules consist of the protein tubulin; microfilaments consist of the protein actin
Cytoskeleton
produce ATP energy via cellular respiration
Mitochondria
lacks ribosomes; makes lipid molecules, such as cholesterol and phospholipids
Smooth ER
the hydrophobic (water-avoiding) tails face each other, while the hydrophilic (water-loving) heads face the outside or inside of the cell
Plasma membrane
a lipid molecule that strengthens the membrane
Cholesterol
some allow things into and out of the cells, while others are used for cell-cell recognition or docking sites for signaling cascades
Protein Transporter
only certain things can (SELECTIVELY) pass through the cell membrane freely
Selective permeability
molecules (carbon dioxide and O2) go from their area of high concentration to low concentration
Facilitated Diffusion
a molecule (glucose) goes from its area of high concentration to low concentration via a protein carrier/transporter
Diffusion
a protein and ATP energy is required for ions (e.g., sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+)) to go from their area of low to high concentration
Active Transport
this is used to engulf molecules, particles, and other cells (e.g., bacteria) and involves invagination of the plasma membrane to form a vesicle within the cytoplasm
endocytosis
a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane to release things out of the cell or integrate things into the plasma membrane
exocytosis
the diffusion of water (H2O) molecules from an area of high to low water molecule concentration
Osmosis
the extracellular fluid is 0.9% salt, so water goes into and out of cells equally; no change in cell shape
Isotonic
the extracellular fluid is less than 0.9% salt, so water enters a cell, causing it to swell and burst (aka, lysis)
Hypotonic
the extracellular solution is greater than 0.9% salt, so WATER EXITS THE CELL, causing the cell to shrink (aka, crenation)
Hypertonic
Where does Glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
How much ATP is produced during Glycolysis?
2
Where does Fermentation occur?
cytoplasm
How much ATP is produced by Fermentation?
2
